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Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is widely used to evaluate image generators, yet lower FID does not always correspond to better sample quality. We show that this mismatch depends in part on the geometry of the reference dataset. In a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunghee Lee , Byeonghyun Pak

Generative models are invaluable in many fields of science because of their ability to capture high-dimensional and complicated distributions, such as photo-realistic images, protein structures, and connectomes. How do we evaluate the…

We present two new metrics for evaluating generative models in the class-conditional image generation setting. These metrics are obtained by generalizing the two most popular unconditional metrics: the Inception Score (IS) and the Fre'chet…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yaniv Benny , Tomer Galanti , Sagie Benaim , Lior Wolf

In this work, we propose to study the global geometrical properties of generative models. We introduce a new Riemannian metric to assess the similarity between any two data points. Importantly, our metric is agnostic to the parametrization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Beomsu Kim , Michael Puthawala , Jong Chul Ye , Emanuele Sansone

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

Measuring the generalization capacity of Deep Generative Models (DGMs) is difficult because of the curse of dimensionality. Evaluation metrics for DGMs such as Inception Score, Fr\'echet Inception Distance, Precision-Recall, and Neural Net…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Hoang Thanh-Tung , Truyen Tran

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), computed with an ImageNet pretrained Inception-v3 network, is widely used as a state-of-the-art evaluation metric for generative models. It assumes that feature vectors from Inception-v3 follow a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuli Wu , Fucheng Liu , Rüveyda Yilmaz , Henning Konermann , Peter Walter , Johannes Stegmaier

We systematically study a wide variety of generative models spanning semantically-diverse image datasets to understand and improve the feature extractors and metrics used to evaluate them. Using best practices in psychophysics, we measure…

In order for the predicted interactions to be directly adopted by biologists, the ma- chine learning predictions have to be of high precision, regardless of recall. This aspect cannot be evaluated or numerically represented well by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-09 Haohan Wang , Madhavi K. Ganapathiraju

Despite remarkable progress, image generation is far from solved. The dominant metric, FID, conflates sample fidelity with mode coverage and is close to being saturated. Yet a model can still exhibit mode collapse while achieving a low FID,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mehdi Esmaeilzadeh , Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau , Chirag Vashist , Ke Li

In recent advances of deep generative models, face reenactment -manipulating and controlling human face, including their head movement-has drawn much attention for its wide range of applicability. Despite its strong expressiveness, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Takuya Yashima , Takuya Narihira , Tamaki Kojima

The new wave of successful generative models in machine learning has increased the interest in deep learning driven de novo drug design. However, assessing the performance of such generative models is notoriously difficult. Metrics that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Kristina Preuer , Philipp Renz , Thomas Unterthiner , Sepp Hochreiter , Günter Klambauer

Deep generative models (DGMs) of images are now sufficiently mature that they produce nearly photorealistic samples and obtain scores similar to the data distribution on heuristics such as Frechet Inception Distance (FID). These results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Suman Ravuri , Oriol Vinyals

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

Generative models have made immense progress in recent years, particularly in their ability to generate high quality images. However, that quality has been difficult to evaluate rigorously, with evaluation dominated by heuristic approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Y. Alex Kolchinski , Sharon Zhou , Shengjia Zhao , Mitchell Gordon , Stefano Ermon

Generative models are typically evaluated by direct inspection of their generated samples, e.g., by visual inspection in the case of images. Further evaluation metrics like the Fr\'echet inception distance or maximum mean discrepancy are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Michael Baur , Nurettin Turan , Simon Wallner , Wolfgang Utschick

Many recent developments on generative models for natural images have relied on heuristically-motivated metrics that can be easily gamed by memorizing a small sample from the true distribution or training a model directly to improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ching-Yuan Bai , Hsuan-Tien Lin , Colin Raffel , Wendy Chih-wen Kan

Correctly capturing the symmetry transformations of data can lead to efficient models with strong generalization capabilities, though methods incorporating symmetries often require prior knowledge. While recent advancements have been made…

Evaluating the performance of generative models in image synthesis is a challenging task. Although the Fr\'echet Inception Distance is a widely accepted evaluation metric, it integrates different aspects (e.g., fidelity and diversity) of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Ryoungwoo Jang , Minjee Kim , Da-in Eun , Kyungjin Cho , Jiyeon Seo , Namkug Kim

Kernel continual learning by \citet{derakhshani2021kernel} has recently emerged as a strong continual learner due to its non-parametric ability to tackle task interference and catastrophic forgetting. Unfortunately its success comes at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Mohammad Mahdi Derakhshani , Xiantong Zhen , Ling Shao , Cees G. M. Snoek