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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities for code generation. While existing benchmarks evaluate the correctness and efficiency of LLM-generated code, the potential linguistic bias - where code quality varies…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Weipeng Jiang , Xuanqi Gao , Juan Zhai , Shiqing Ma , Xiaoyu Zhang , Ziyan Lei , Chao Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their remarkable capabilities in numerous fields. This survey focuses on how LLMs empower users, regardless of their technical background, to use human languages to automatically generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Nam Huynh , Beiyu Lin

Recently, code language models have achieved notable advancements in addressing a diverse array of essential code comprehension and generation tasks. Yet, the field lacks a comprehensive deep dive and understanding of the code embeddings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Saiteja Utpala , Alex Gu , Pin Yu Chen

Automatic evaluation metrics are crucial to the development of generative systems. In recent years, pre-trained language model (PLM) based metrics, such as BERTScore, have been commonly adopted in various generation tasks. However, it has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Tianxiang Sun , Junliang He , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Deaf and hard of hearing individuals regularly rely on captioning while watching live TV. Live TV captioning is evaluated by regulatory agencies using various caption evaluation metrics. However, caption evaluation metrics are often not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Akhter Al Amin , Saad Hassan , Cecilia O. Alm , Matt Huenerfauth

While large language models (LLMs) show promise in code generation, existing benchmarks neglect the flowchart-based code generation. To promote further research on flowchart-based code generation, this work presents Flow2Code, a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mengliang He , Jiayi Zeng , Yankai Jiang , Wei Zhang , Zeming Liu , Xiaoming Shi , Aimin Zhou

This paper investigates the quality of source code comments automatically generated by Large Language Models (LLMs). While AI-based comment generation has emerged as a promising solution to reduce developers' documentation effort, prior…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ian Guelman , Arthur Gregório Leal , Laerte Xavier , Marco Tulio Valente

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in Verilog generation from natural language description. However, ensuring the functional correctness of the generated code remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Ning Wang , Bingkun Yao , Jie Zhou , Yuchen Hu , Xi Wang , Nan Guan , Zhe Jiang

The paper studies how code generation by LLMs can be combined with formal verification to produce critical embedded software. The first contribution is a general framework, spec2code, in which LLMs are combined with different types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Minal Suresh Patil , Gustav Ung , Mattias Nyberg

Word and sentence embeddings are useful feature representations in natural language processing. However, intrinsic evaluation for embeddings lags far behind, and there has been no significant update since the past decade. Word and sentence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Bin Wang , C. -C. Jay Kuo , Haizhou Li

Effective code documentation is essential for collaboration, comprehension, and long-term software maintainability, yet developers often neglect it due to its repetitive nature. Automated documentation generation has evolved from heuristic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mojtaba Mostafavi Ghahfarokhi , Hamed Jahantigh , Alireza Asadi , Abbas Heydarnoori

This paper studies the problem of predicting the coding effort for a subsequent year of development by analysing metrics extracted from project repositories, with an emphasis on projects containing XML code. The study considers thirteen…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Siim Karus , Marlon Dumas

Contextual embeddings generated by LLMs exhibit strong positional inductive biases, which can limit their ability to fully capture long-range, order-sensitive dependencies in highly structured source code. Consequently, how to further…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Md Mostafizer Rahman , Ariful Islam Shiplu , Yutaka Watanobe , Md Faizul Ibne Amin , Syed Rameez Naqvi , Fang Liu

Code review is a standard practice for ensuring the quality of software projects, and recent research has focused extensively on automated code review. While significant advancements have been made in generating code reviews, the automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu , Tianyi Chen , Fu Fan , Chunhao Dong , Kui Liu , Lu Zhang

The costly human effort required to prepare the training data of machine learning (ML) models hinders their practical development and usage in software engineering (ML4Code), especially for those with limited budgets. Therefore, efficiently…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Qiang Hu , Yuejun Guo , Xiaofei Xie , Maxime Cordy , Lei Ma , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Sentence encoders play a pivotal role in various NLP tasks; hence, an accurate evaluation of their compositional properties is paramount. However, existing evaluation methods predominantly focus on goal task-specific performance. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Naman Bansal , Yash mahajan , Sanjeev Sinha , Santu Karmaker

In the era of large language models (LLMs), code benchmarks have become an important research area in software engineering and are widely used by practitioners. These benchmarks evaluate the performance of LLMs on specific code-related…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

Despite the success of text retrieval in many NLP tasks, code retrieval remains a largely underexplored area. Most text retrieval systems are tailored for natural language queries, often neglecting the specific challenges of retrieving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Ye Liu , Rui Meng , Shafiq Joty , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been applied to automatic programming code generation. This task can be viewed as a language generation task that bridges natural language, human knowledge, and programming logic. However, it…

Large language models (LLMs) excel in many tasks of software engineering, yet progress in leveraging them for vulnerability discovery has stalled in recent years. To understand this phenomenon, we investigate LLMs through the lens of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Felix Weissberg , Lukas Pirch , Erik Imgrund , Jonas Möller , Thorsten Eisenhofer , Konrad Rieck