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We study protected nodes in various classes of random rooted trees by putting them in the general context of fringe subtrees introduced by Aldous (1991). Several types of random trees are considered: simply generated trees (or conditioned…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-10-03 Luc Devroye , Svante Janson

We consider additive functionals $X_n(\phi)$ with small toll functions on split trees and a generalization of split trees, which we call fractional split trees, where the split vector does not need to sum up to 1. These additive functionals…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Cecilia Holmgren , Jasper Ischebeck , Svante Janson

Applying a method to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree from random data provides a way to detect whether that method has an inherent bias towards certain tree `shapes'. For maximum parsimony, applied to a sequence of random 2-state data, each…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2014-06-03 Mareike Fischer , Michelle Galla , Lina Herbst , Mike Steel

We investigate the number of permutations that occur in random labellings of trees. This is a generalisation of the number of subpermutations occurring in a random permutation. It also generalises some recent results on the number of…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-12-22 Michael Albert , Cecilia Holmgren , Tony Johansson , Fiona Skerman

The hierarchical and recursive expressive capability of rooted trees is applicable to represent statistical models in various areas, such as data compression, image processing, and machine learning. On the other hand, such hierarchical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Yuta Nakahara , Shota Saito , Akira Kamatsuka , Toshiyasu Matsushima

We introduce the zip tree, a form of randomized binary search tree that integrates previous ideas into one practical, performant, and pleasant-to-implement package. A zip tree is a binary search tree in which each node has a numeric rank…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Robert E. Tarjan , Caleb C. Levy , Stephen Timmel

We are interested in the quantitative analysis of the compaction ratio for two classical families of trees: recursive trees and plane binary increasing trees. These families are typical representatives of tree models with a small depth.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-14 Olivier Bodini , Antoine Genitrini , Bernhard Gittenberger , Isabella Larcher , Mehdi Naima

This paper presents a new kind of self-balancing ternary search trie that uses a randomized balancing strategy adapted from Aragon and Seidel's randomized binary search trees ("treaps"). After any sequence of insertions and deletions of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-01-10 Nicolai Diethelm

Alphabetic codes and binary search trees are combinatorial structures that abstract search procedures in ordered sets endowed with probability distributions. In this paper, we design new linear-time algorithms to construct alphabetic codes,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Roberto Bruno , Roberto De Prisco , Alfredo De Santis , Ugo Vaccaro

We study the average height of random trees generated by leaf-centric binary tree sources as introduced by Zhang, Yang and Kieffer. A leaf-centric binary tree source induces for every $n \geq 2$ a probability distribution on the set of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-29 Louisa Seelbach Benkner

We discuss a notion of convergence for binary trees that is based on subtree sizes. In analogy to recent developments in the theory of graphs, posets and permutations we investigate some general aspects of the topology, such as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-14 Rudolf Grübel

A compacted binary tree is a directed acyclic graph encoding a binary tree in which common subtrees are factored and shared, such that they are represented only once. We show that the number of compacted binary trees of size $n$ grows…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-04 Andrew Elvey Price , Wenjie Fang , Michael Wallner

Null models of binary phylogenetic trees are useful for testing hypotheses on real world phylogenies. In this paper we consider phylogenies as binary trees without edge lengths together with a sampling measure and encode them as algebraic…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-17 Josué Nussbaumer , Anita Winter

This study is dedicated to precise distributional analyses of the height of non-plane unlabelled binary trees ("Otter trees"), when trees of a given size are taken with equal likelihood. The height of a rooted tree of size $n$ is proved to…

Probability · Mathematics 2012-11-12 Nicolas Broutin , Philippe Flajolet

Rooted plane trees are reduced by four different operations on the fringe. The number of surviving nodes after reducing the tree repeatedly for a fixed number of times is asymptotically analyzed. The four different operations include…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-03-19 Benjamin Hackl , Clemens Heuberger , Sara Kropf , Helmut Prodinger

We study protected nodes in $m$-ary search trees, by putting them in context of generalised P\'olya urns. We show that the number of two-protected nodes (the nodes that are neither leaves nor parents of leaves) in a random ternary search…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-03-25 Cecilia Holmgren , Svante Janson

In this thesis the properties of two kinds of non-uniform random recursive trees are studied. In the first model weights are assigned to each node, thus altering the attachment probabilities. We will call these trees weighted recursive…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-10-05 Ella Hiesmayr

The class of self-nested trees presents remarkable compression properties because of the systematic repetition of subtrees in their structure. In this paper, we provide a better combinatorial characterization of this specific family of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Romain Azaïs , Jean-Baptiste Durand , Christophe Godin

There is an unproven duality theory hypothesizing that random discrete trees and their poissonized embeddings in continuous time share fundamental properties. We give additional evidence in favor of this theory by showing that several…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-03-04 Carly Domicolo , Panpan Zhang , Hosam Mahmoud

Here we show that deciding whether two rooted binary phylogenetic trees on the same set of taxa permit a cherry-picking sequence, a special type of elimination order on the taxa, is NP-complete. This improves on an earlier result which…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-04-13 Janosch Döcker , Leo van Iersel , Steven Kelk , Simone Linz