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Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the key enablers for low-power and low-cost applications in consumer electronics and the Internet of Things. The latest features such as audio and direction finding will introduce more and more devices…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Julian Karoliny , Thomas Blazek , Andreas Springer , Hans-Peter Bernhard

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, operating within the widely used 2.4 GHz ISM band, stands as a cornerstone in modern wireless communication frameworks alongside its classic Bluetooth counterpart. This paper delves into the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Zhe Wang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has been widely adopted in wearable devices; however, it has not been widely used in ingestible electronics, primarily due to concerns regarding severe tissue attenuation at the 2.4 GHz band. In this work, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Ziyao Zhou , Zhuoran Sun , Xinyi Shen , Yang Li , Zhenhao Shi , Yixuan Yu , Hen-Wei Huang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a short-range data transmission technology that is used for multimedia file sharing, home automation, and internet-of-things application. In this work, we perform packet error rate (PER) measurement and RF…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 Mir Lodro , Gabriele Gradoni , Ana Vukovic , David Thomas , Steve Greedy

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become the primary transmission media due to its extremely low energy consumption, good network scope, and data transfer speed for the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart wearable devices. With the exponential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Tushar Nagrare , Parul Sindhwad , Faruk Kazi

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging wireless technology created for short-range control and monitoring applications that is becoming increasingly widespread among the Internet of Things (IoT) services because of its low-cost and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Davide Villa , Chih-Kuang Lin , Adam Kuenzi , Michael Lang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a wireless protocol well suited for ultra-low-power sensors running on small batteries. BLE is described as a new protocol in the official Bluetooth 4.0 specification. To design energy-efficient devices, the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-03-13 Philipp Kindt , Daniel Yunge , Robert Diemer , Samarjit Chakraborty

This article evaluates the quality-of-service performance and scalability of the recently released Bluetooth Mesh protocol and provides general guidelines on its use and configuration. Through extensive simulations, we analyzed the impact…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Raúl Rondón , Aamir Mahmood , Simone Grimaldi , Mikael Gidlund

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become an intrinsic wireless technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). With the proliferation of BLE-embedded IoT devices, it is important to study the security and privacy implications of BLE. The…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Sopan Sarkar , Jianqing Liu , Emil Jovanov

Reliable and energy-efficient Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication is crucial for Internet of Things (IoT) applications in dynamic environments. However, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and data throughput in BLE are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Ziyao Zhou , Hen-Wei Huang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a de-facto technology for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, promising very low energy consumption. However, this low energy consumption accounts only for the radio part, and it overlooks the energy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Luisa Schuhmacher , Sofie Pollin , Hazem Sallouha

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely used in IoT systems because of its low power consumption, interoperability, and reliable bidirectional communication. However, its connection-oriented architecture introduces trade-offs among wake-up…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ziyao Zhou , Chen Shen , Tiancheng Cao , Hen-Wei Huang

Mission-critical wireless networks are being up-graded to 4G long-term evolution (LTE). As opposed to capacity, these networks require very high reliability and security as well as easy deployment and operation in the field. Wireless…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Vuk Marojevic , Raghunandan M. Rao , Sean Ha , Jeffrey H. Reed

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely used in modern IoT systems because it consumes very little power, saves energy, and allows for simple device connectivity; however, maintaining security and communication reliability remains a challenge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Nitesh Yadav , Vashisht Kumar , Sachin Kadam

In this paper we analyze the trade-offs between energy and throughput for links in a wireless sensor network. Our application of interest is one in which a number of low-powered sensors need to wirelessly communicate their measurements to a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-03-27 Guanghua Zhu , Linda M. Davis , Terence Chan

The Internet of Things (IoT) opens the doors to a digital revolution, but requires a robust protocol to wirelessly interconnect a large number of devices. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh emerges as a suitable candidate, solving the range…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Clara Nieto-Taladriz , Yuri Murillo , Sofie Pollin

The process of contact tracing to reduce the spread of highly infectious and life-threatening diseases has traditionally been a primarily manual process managed by public health entities. This process becomes challenged when faced with a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-08 Gary F. Hatke , Monica Montanari , Swaroop Appadwedula , Michael Wentz , John Meklenburg , Louise Ivers , Jennifer Watson , Paul Fiore

This paper studies the outage probability and the throughput of amplify-and-forward relay networks with wireless information and energy transfer. We use some recent results on finite block-length codes to analyze the system performance in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-21 Mahdi Haghifam , Behrooz Makki , Masoumeh Nasiri-Kenari , Tommy Svensson , Michele Zorzi

The IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) standard defines the transfer of IP data via BLE connections. This connection-oriented approach provides high reliability but increases packet delays and requires substantial overhead to manage BLE…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Hauke Petersen , János Brodbeck , Thomas C. Schmidt , Matthias Wählisch

As an emerging technology with exceptional low energy consumption and low-latency data transmissions, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has gained significant momentum in various application domains, such as Indoor Positioning, Home Automation,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-09-27 Jian Yang , Christian Poellabauer , Pramita Mitra , Cynthia Neubecker
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