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Measuring treatment effects in observational studies is challenging because of confounding bias. Confounding occurs when a variable affects both the treatment and the outcome. Traditional methods such as propensity score matching estimate…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-23 Bevan I. Smith , Charles Chimedza

We propose a doubly robust approach to characterizing treatment effect heterogeneity in observational studies. We develop a frequentist inferential procedure that utilizes posterior distributions for both the propensity score and outcome…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-21 Heejun Shin , Joseph Antonelli

This paper provides clear and practical guidance on the specification of imputation models when multiple imputation is used in conjunction with doubly robust estimation methods for causal inference. Through theoretical arguments and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Lucy D'Agostino McGowan

We propose a new, flexible model for inference of the effect of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome observed over subsequent time periods. The model allows to seperate association due to endogeneity of treatment selection from…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-03-02 Helga Wagner , Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter , Liana Jacobi

Prediction and causal explanation are fundamentally distinct tasks of data analysis. In health applications, this difference can be understood in terms of the difference between prognosis (prediction) and prevention/treatment (causal…

Estimating the effect of a treatment on a given outcome, conditioned on a vector of covariates, is central in many applications. However, learning the impact of a treatment on a continuous temporal response, when the covariates suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Guangyi Zhang , Reza Ashrafi , Anne Juuti , Kirsi Pietiläinen , Pekka Marttinen

Multiple imputation is a highly recommended technique to deal with missing data, but the application to longitudinal datasets can be done in multiple ways. When a new wave of longitudinal data arrives, we can treat the combined data of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-18 X. M. Kavelaars , S. van Buuren , J. R. van Ginkel

There is growing interest in a hybrid control design for treatment evaluation, where a randomized controlled trial is augmented with external control data from a previous trial or a real world data source. The hybrid control design has the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-06 Zhiwei Zhang , Peisong Han , Wei Zhang

The method of instrumental variables provides a fundamental and practical tool for causal inference in many empirical studies where unmeasured confounding between the treatments and the outcome is present. Modern data such as the genetical…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-28 Ziang Niu , Yuwen Gu , Wei Li

There are well-established methods for identifying the causal effect of a time-varying treatment applied at discrete time points. However, in the real world, many treatments are continuous or have a finer time scale than the one used for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-16 Jinghao Sun , Forrest W. Crawford

We introduce a framework for estimating causal effects of binary and continuous treatments in high dimensions. We show how posterior distributions of treatment and outcome models can be used together with doubly robust estimators. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-06 Joseph Antonelli , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Francesca Dominici

With multiple outcomes in empirical research, a common strategy is to define a composite outcome as a weighted average of the original outcomes. However, the choices of weights are often subjective and can be controversial. We propose an…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-17 Wei Zhang , Qizhai Li , Peng Ding

With continuous outcomes, the average causal effect is typically defined using a contrast of expected potential outcomes. However, in the presence of skewed outcome data, the expectation may no longer be meaningful. In practice the typical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Daisy A. Shepherd , Benjamin R. Baer , Margarita Moreno-Betancur

We consider the estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies and propose a new framework of robust causal inference with unobserved confounders. Our approach is based on distributionally robust optimization and proceeds…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Dimitris Bertsimas , Kosuke Imai , Michael Lingzhi Li

Methods that infer causal dependence from observational data are central to many areas of science, including medicine, economics, and the social sciences. A variety of theoretical properties of these methods have been proven, but empirical…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-08 Amanda Gentzel , Purva Pruthi , David Jensen

Penalized generalized estimating equations with Elastic Net or L2-Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation penalization are proposed to simultaneously select the most important variables and estimate their effects for longitudinal Gaussian data…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-11-26 Adriaan Blommaert , Niel Hens , Philippe Beutels

There is increasing interest in combining information from experimental studies, including randomized and single-group trials, with information from external experimental or observational data sources. Such efforts are usually motivated by…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-23 Lawson Ung , Guanbo Wang , Sebastien Haneuse , Miguel A. Hernán , Issa J. Dahabreh

This dissertation focuses on modern causal inference under uncertainty and data restrictions, with applications to neoadjuvant clinical trials, distributed data networks, and robust individualized decision making. In the first project, we…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-24 Xiaoqing Tan

Generalization methods offer a powerful solution to one of the key drawbacks of randomized controlled trials (RCTs): their limited representativeness. By enabling the transport of treatment effect estimates to target populations subject to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-20 Ahmed Boughdiri , Clément Berenfeld , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet

Identifying causal treatment (or exposure) effects in observational studies requires the data to satisfy the unconfoundedness assumption which is not testable using the observed data. With sensitivity analysis, one can determine how the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-31 Yang Ou , Lu Tang , Chung-Chou H. Chang