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In both artificial and biological systems, the centered kernel alignment (CKA) has become a widely used tool for quantifying neural representation similarity. While current CKA estimators typically correct for the effects of finite stimuli…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-26 Chanwoo Chun , Abdulkadir Canatar , SueYeon Chung , Daniel D. Lee

Comparing learned neural representations in neural networks is a challenging but important problem, which has been approached in different ways. The Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) similarity metric, particularly its linear variant, has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-17 MohammadReza Davari , Stefan Horoi , Amine Natik , Guillaume Lajoie , Guy Wolf , Eugene Belilovsky

Centered kernel alignment (CKA) is a popular metric for comparing representations, determining equivalence of networks, and neuroscience research. However, CKA does not account for the underlying manifold and relies on numerous heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Mohammad Tariqul Islam , Du Liu , Deblina Sarkar

Knowledge distillation has emerged as a highly effective method for bridging the representation discrepancy between large-scale models and lightweight models. Prevalent approaches involve leveraging appropriate metrics to minimize the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Zikai Zhou , Yunhang Shen , Shitong Shao , Linrui Gong , Shaohui Lin

Activation-alignment measures such as Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA), Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), and Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) are widely used to compare biological and artificial neural representations. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Amirhossein Yavari , Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani

How do we know if two systems - biological or artificial - process information in a similar way? Similarity measures such as linear regression, Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA), Normalized Bures Similarity (NBS), and angular Procrustes…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-31 Nathan Cloos , Moufan Li , Markus Siegel , Scott L. Brincat , Earl K. Miller , Guangyu Robert Yang , Christopher J. Cueva

Neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI) both face the challenge of interpreting high-dimensional neural data, where the comparative analysis of such data is crucial for revealing shared mechanisms and differences between these complex…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-16 Yiqing Bo , Ansh Soni , Sudhanshu Srivastava , Meenakshi Khosla

Recent work has sought to understand the behavior of neural networks by comparing representations between layers and between different trained models. We examine methods for comparing neural network representations based on canonical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-22 Simon Kornblith , Mohammad Norouzi , Honglak Lee , Geoffrey Hinton

Neural responses encode information that is useful for a variety of downstream tasks. A common approach to understand these systems is to build regression models or ``decoders'' that reconstruct features of the stimulus from neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-14 Sarah E. Harvey , David Lipshutz , Alex H. Williams

Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) was recently proposed as a similarity metric for comparing activation patterns in deep networks. Here we experiment with the modified RV-coefficient (RV2), which has very similar properties as CKA while being…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Jessica A. F. Thompson , Yoshua Bengio , Marc Schoenwiesner

To understand neural network behavior, recent works quantitatively compare different networks' learned representations using canonical correlation analysis (CCA), centered kernel alignment (CKA), and other dissimilarity measures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Frances Ding , Jean-Stanislas Denain , Jacob Steinhardt

Particle-based Bayesian deep learning often requires a similarity metric to compare two networks. However, naive similarity metrics lack permutation invariance and are inappropriate for comparing networks. Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 David Smerkous , Qinxun Bai , Fuxin Li

Similarity metrics such as representational similarity analysis (RSA) and centered kernel alignment (CKA) have been used to compare layer-wise representations between neural networks. However, these metrics are confounded by the population…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-02 Tianyu Cui , Yogesh Kumar , Pekka Marttinen , Samuel Kaski

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a technique for finding correlations between different data modalities and learning low-dimensional representations. As fairness becomes crucial in machine learning, fair CCA has gained attention.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Bojian Hou , Zhanliang Wang , Zhuoping Zhou , Boning Tong , Zexuan Wang , Jingxuan Bao , Duy Duong-Tran , Qi Long , Li Shen

Despite the success of fine-tuning pretrained language encoders like BERT for downstream natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, it is still poorly understood how neural networks change after fine-tuning. In this work, we use centered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Jason Phang , Haokun Liu , Samuel R. Bowman

Deep neural networks need to make robust inference in the presence of occlusion, background clutter, pose and viewpoint variations -- to name a few -- when the task of person re-identification is considered. Attention mechanisms have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Jieming Zhou , Soumava Kumar Roy , Pengfei Fang , Mehrtash Harandi , Lars Petersson

Neural networks trained on standard image classification data sets are shown to be less resistant to data set bias. It is necessary to comprehend the behavior objective function that might correspond to superior performance for data with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Gnyanesh Bangaru , Lalith Bharadwaj Baru , Kiran Chakravarthula

The sparsity of Deep Neural Networks is well investigated to maximize the performance and reduce the size of overparameterized networks as possible. Existing methods focus on pruning parameters in the training process by using thresholds…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Mingjian Ni , Guangyao Chen , Xiawu Zheng , Peixi Peng , Li Yuan , Yonghong Tian

A multitude of (dis)similarity measures between neural network representations have been proposed, resulting in a fragmented research landscape. Most of these measures fall into one of two categories. First, measures such as linear…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-21 Sarah E. Harvey , Brett W. Larsen , Alex H. Williams

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are recognized as the candidate for the next-generation neural networks due to their bio-plausibility and energy efficiency. Recently, researchers have demonstrated that SNNs are able to achieve nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yuhang Li , Youngeun Kim , Hyoungseob Park , Priyadarshini Panda
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