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Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) revolutionize machine learning for graph-structured data, effectively capturing complex relationships. They disseminate information through interconnected nodes, but long-range interactions face challenges known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Singh Akansha

The quality of signal propagation in message-passing graph neural networks (GNNs) strongly influences their expressivity as has been observed in recent works. In particular, for prediction tasks relying on long-range interactions, recursive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Pradeep Kr. Banerjee , Kedar Karhadkar , Yu Guang Wang , Uri Alon , Guido Montúfar

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) suffer from Oversquashing, which occurs when tasks require long-range interactions. The problem arises from the presence of bottlenecks that limit the propagation of messages among distant nodes. Recently, graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Kushal Bose , Swagatam Das

Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) are instances of Graph Neural Networks that leverage the graph to send messages over the edges. This inductive bias leads to a phenomenon known as over-squashing, where a node feature is insensitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Francesco Di Giovanni , Lorenzo Giusti , Federico Barbero , Giulia Luise , Pietro Lio' , Michael Bronstein

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) leverage the graph structure to transmit information between nodes, typically through the message-passing mechanism. While these models have found a wide variety of applications, they are known to suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Hugh Blayney , Álvaro Arroyo , Xiaowen Dong , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains. However, recent theoretical advances have identified fundamental limitations in their information propagation capabilities, such as over-squashing, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Ivan Marisca , Jacob Bamberger , Cesare Alippi , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are models that leverage the graph structure to transmit information between nodes, typically through the message-passing operation. While widely successful, this approach is well known to suffer from the…

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become pivotal tools for processing graph-structured data, leveraging the message passing scheme as their core mechanism. However, traditional GNNs often grapple with issues such as instability,…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yuanhong Jiang , Dongmian Zou , Xiaoqun Zhang , Yu Guang Wang

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hugo Attali , Nathalie Pernelle , Davide Buscaldi , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hugo Attali , Davide Buscaldi , Nathalie Pernelle , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Message passing graph neural networks (GNNs) are a popular learning architectures for graph-structured data. However, one problem GNNs experience is oversquashing, where a GNN has difficulty sending information between distant nodes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Mitchell Black , Zhengchao Wan , Amir Nayyeri , Yusu Wang

Most graph neural networks (GNNs) use the message passing paradigm, in which node features are propagated on the input graph. Recent works pointed to the distortion of information flowing from distant nodes as a factor limiting the…

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) perform computations on graphs by routing the signal between graph regions using a graph shift operator or a message passing scheme. Often, the propagation of the signal leads to a loss of information, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Eden Nagar , Ya-Wei Eileen Lin , Ron Levie

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have exhibited state-of-the-art performance across wide-range of domains such as recommender systems, material design, and drug repurposing. Yet message-passing GNNs suffer from over-squashing -- exponential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Danial Saber , Amirali Salehi-Abari

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved strong performance across various real-world domains. Nevertheless, they suffer from oversquashing, where long-range information is distorted as it is compressed through limited message-passing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Tanvir Hossain , Muhammad Ifte Khairul Islam , Lilia Chebbah , Charles Fanning , Esra Akbas

Message passing neural networks (MPNNs) have been shown to suffer from the phenomenon of over-squashing that causes poor performance for tasks relying on long-range interactions. This can be largely attributed to message passing only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Benjamin Gutteridge , Xiaowen Dong , Michael Bronstein , Francesco Di Giovanni

Recent works have investigated the role of graph bottlenecks in preventing long-range information propagation in message-passing graph neural networks, causing the so-called `over-squashing' phenomenon. As a remedy, graph rewiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Domenico Tortorella , Alessio Micheli

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are able to leverage the structure of graph data by passing messages along the edges of the graph. While this allows GNNs to learn features depending on the graph structure, for certain graph topologies it leads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Kedar Karhadkar , Pradeep Kr. Banerjee , Guido Montúfar

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a powerful solution for various structure learning applications due to their strong representation capabilities for graph data. However, traditional GNNs, relying on message-passing mechanisms that gather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wei Duan , Jie Lu , Yu Guang Wang , Junyu Xuan

Recent research in the field of graph neural network (GNN) has identified a critical issue known as "over-squashing," resulting from the bottleneck phenomenon in graph structures, which impedes the propagation of long-range information.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Jeongwhan Choi , Sumin Park , Hyowon Wi , Sung-Bae Cho , Noseong Park
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