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Related papers: Gravitational entropy is observer-dependent

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Due to the Unruh effect, accelerated and inertial observers differ in their description of a given quantum state. The implications of this effect are explored for the entropy assigned by such observers to localized objects that may cross…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-10 Donald Marolf , Djordje Minic , Simon Ross

We describe a deformation of the observable algebra of quantum gravity in which the loop algebra is extended to framed loops. This allows an alternative nonperturbative quantization which is suitable for describing a phase of quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-09-25 Seth Major , Lee Smolin

Observational entropy is interpreted as the uncertainty an observer making measurements associates with a system. So far, properties that make such an interpretation possible rely on the assumption of ideal projective measurements. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-11 Dominik Šafránek , Juzar Thingna

We propose an algebra of operators along an observer's worldline as a background-independent algebra in quantum gravity. In that context, it is natural to think of the Hartle-Hawking no boundary state as a universal state of maximum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-26 Edward Witten

Viewing frames of reference as physical systems, subject to the same laws as the systems they describe, is central to the relational approach in physics. Under the assumption that quantum mechanics universally governs all physical entities,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Michael Suleymanov , Avishy Carmi , Eliahu Cohen

Observational entropy provides a general notion of quantum entropy that appropriately interpolates between Boltzmann's and Gibbs' entropies, and has recently been argued to provide a useful measure of out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-09 Francesco Buscemi , Joseph Schindler , Dominik Šafránek

We consider perturbative quantum gravity as a quantum field theory of linearized metric perturbation on an asymptotically flat spacetime with a bifurcate Killing horizon. We include the perturbative gravitational constraints into the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-03-04 Avinandan Mondal , Kartik Prabhu

Given the algebra of observables of a quantum system subject to selection rules, a state can be represented by different density matrices. As a result, different von Neumann entropies can be associated with the same state. Motivated by a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-25 Paolo Facchi , Giovanni Gramegna , Arturo Konderak

Quantum information-theoretic approach has been identified as a way to understand the foundations of quantum mechanics as early as 1950 due to Shannon. However there hasn't been enough advancement or rigorous development of the subject. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-04 Shubhayan Sarkar

We study how meaningful physical predictions can arise in nonperturbative quantum gravity in a closed Lorentzian universe. In such settings, recent developments suggest that the quantum gravitational Hilbert space is one-dimensional and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-17 Yasunori Nomura , Tomonori Ugajin

We consider a framework in which low energy dynamics of quantum gravity is described preserving locality, and yet taking into account the effects that are not captured by the naive global spacetime picture, e.g. those associated with black…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-15 Yasunori Nomura , Jaime Varela , Sean J. Weinberg

We address the construction and interpretation of diffeomorphism-invariant observables in a low-energy effective theory of quantum gravity. The observables we consider are constructed as integrals over the space of coordinates, in analogy…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-29 Steven B. Giddings , Donald Marolf , James B. Hartle

Boundaries and corners of spacetime play a vital role in understanding physical concepts including entanglement entropy, the infrared problem in QFT and quantum gravity. Standard local quantum field theory struggles to accommodate such…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-08-29 Christopher J. Fewster , Daan W. Janssen , Kasia Rejzner

We propose a formal framework for understanding and unifying the concept of observers across physics, computer science, philosophy, and related fields. Building on cybernetic feedback models, we introduce an operational definition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-08 Hatem Elshatlawy , Dean Rickles , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

It was recently shown that, in general, the von Neumann spin entropy of fermionic particles is not invariant under Lorentz boosts. We show that an analogous result can be recovered (at the lowest order of $v^2 /c^2$) using plain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-01 Matheus H. Zambianco , Andre G. S. Landulfo , George E. A. Matsas

In ordinary quantum field theory, one can define the algebra of observables in a given region in spacetime, but in the presence of gravity, it is expected that this notion ceases to be well-defined. A substitute that appears to make sense…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-04-28 Edward Witten

The observable spacetime can be viewed as worldline coincidences (events) between a particle system and the observers of an extended (material) reference frame (ERF). Particle positions are then operationally well defined with respect to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-07 Eduardo O. Dias

We explore nonequilibrium features of certain operator algebras which appear in quantum gravity. The algebra of observables in a black hole background is a Type $\mathrm{II}_\infty$ von Neumann algebra. We discuss how this algebra can be…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-11-14 Michele Cirafici

We study entanglement entropy in gravity theory with quantum effects. A simplest model is a two dimensional Einstein-Hilbert action . We use an $n$-sheet manifold to obtain an area term of entanglement entropy by summing over all background…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2017-09-12 Chen-Te Ma

Physical observation is made relative to a reference frame which is essentially a quantum system. Thus, a quantum system must be described relative to a quantum reference frame (QRF). Further requirements on QRF include using only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-02 Jianhao M. Yang