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Quantum Key Agreement (QKA) signifies that two or more participants together generate a key and QKA has to satisfy the following conditions: 1 Every participant can change the key and the key is not decided by any participant individually.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-03 Guo-Jyun Zeng , Kuan-Hung Chen , Zhe-Hua Chang , Yu-Shan Yang , Yao-Hsin Chou

Ongoing technological progress is accelerating the commercial and global-scale deployment of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Its ability to enable unconditionally secure communication is expected to be a key feature of future…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Davide Scalcon , Matteo Padovan , Paolo Villoresi , Giuseppe Vallone , Marco Avesani

A new scheme of Quantum Key Distribution is proposed using three entangled particles in a GHZ state. Alice holds a 3-particle source and sends two particles to Bob, keeping one with herself. Bob uses one particle to generate a secure key,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-23 Tabish Qureshi , Tabish Shibli , Aditi Sheel

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the most used protocol in the context of quantum cryptography for sharing a private encryption key between two parties. Covid-19 pandemic has raised the ever-increasing need for online communications a lot;…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-01 Ekin Aykut , Hashir Kuniyil , Melis Pahalı , Gizem Gül , Naser Jam , Kadir Durak

Quantum networks will provide multi-node entanglement over long distances to enable secure communication on a global scale. Traditional quantum communication protocols consume pair-wise entanglement, which is sub-optimal for distributed…

Mediated semi-quantum key distribution involves the use of two end-users who have very restricted, almost classical, capabilities, who wish to establish a shared secret key using the help of a fully-quantum server who may be adversarial. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Julia Guskind , Walter O. Krawec

To address growing cybersecurity challenges in modern power dispatch systems, this paper proposes a multi-layer modeling and optimization framework for SCADA systems enhanced with quantum key distribution (QKD). While most existing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Ziqing Zhu

A new protocol, quantum energy distribution (QED), is proposed in which multiple parties can simultaneously extract positive energy from spin chains by common secret keys shared by an energy supplier. QED is robust against impersonation; an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Masahiro Hotta

The development of large-scale quantum communication networks necessitates the efficient distribution of quantum states to enable advanced cryptographic applications and distributed tasks. Multipartite entanglement is a key resource in many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-24 Janka Memmen , Anna Pappa

A quantum internet aims at harnessing networked quantum technologies, namely by distributing bipartite entanglement between distant nodes. However, multipartite entanglement between the nodes may empower the quantum internet for additional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-13 Luís Bugalho , Bruno C. Coutinho , Francisco A. Monteiro , Yasser Omar

Multipartite device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD), also known as device-independent conference key agreement, enables more than two remote parties to share a common key with information-theoretic security even without…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Makoto Ishihara , Wojciech Roga , Masahiro Takeoka

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, the security of QKD protocols is depend on switching different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Hao Shu

We study compression strategies for multipartite entanglement distribution under uncertainty in the partitioning of the quantum state. When the partition is not known at the time of state preparation, we show that a joint design of the…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold promise for sharing secure randomness over multi-partities. Most existing QKD network schemes and demonstrations are based on trusted relays or limited to point-to-point scenario. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Wen-Fei Cao , Yi-Zheng Zhen , Yu-Lin Zheng , Shuai Zhao , Feihu Xu , Li Li , Zeng-Bing Chen , Nai-Le Liu , Kai Chen

The performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) is severely limited by multiphoton emissions, due to the photon-number-splitting attack. The most efficient solution, the decoy-state method, requires that the phases of all transmitted…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a crucial technology for information security in the future. Developing simple and efficient ways to establish QKD among multiple users are important to extend the applications of QKD in communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-15 Xu Liu , Xin Yao , Rong Xue , Heqing Wang , Hao Li , Zhen Wang , Lixing You , Xue Feng , Fang Liu , Kaiyu Cui , Yidong Huang , Wei Zhang

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two spatially separated parties to securely generate a cryptographic key. The first QKD protocol, published by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard in 1984 (BB84), describes how this is achieved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-13 Olli Ahonen

Conference key agreement (CKA), or multipartite key distribution, is a cryptographic task where more than two parties wish to establish a common secret key. A composition of bipartite quantum key distribution protocols can accomplish this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-06 Gláucia Murta , Federico Grasselli , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a technology that ensures secure communication by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem and quantum uncertainty. This chapter provides an overview of this quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Sebastian Kish , Josef Pieprzyk , Seyit Camtepe

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide information theoretically secure key exchange even in the era of quantum computer. However, QKD requires the classical channel to be authenticated, and the current method is pre-sharing symmetric…