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In many high-risk machine learning applications it is essential for a model to indicate when it is uncertain about a prediction. While large language models (LLMs) can reach and even surpass human-level accuracy on a variety of benchmarks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Evan Becker , Stefano Soatto

Robust explanations are increasingly required for user trust in enterprise NLP, yet pre-deployment validation is difficult in the common case of black-box deployment (API-only access) where representation-based explainers are infeasible and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Guilin Zhang , Kai Zhao , Jeffrey Friedman , Xu Chu , Amine Anoun , Jerry Ting

This paper introduces fourteen novel datasets for the evaluation of Large Language Models' safety in the context of enterprise tasks. A method was devised to evaluate a model's safety, as determined by its ability to follow instructions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 David Nadeau , Mike Kroutikov , Karen McNeil , Simon Baribeau

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from hallucination problems, which hinder their reliability in sensitive applications. In the black-box setting, several self-consistency-based techniques have been proposed for hallucination detection.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yihao Xue , Kristjan Greenewald , Youssef Mroueh , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

It is now common practice in software development for large language models (LLMs) to be used to generate program code. It is desirable to evaluate the robustness of LLMs for this usage. This paper is concerned in particular with how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Debalina Ghosh Paul , Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley

Despite the outstanding performance of large language models (LLMs) across various NLP tasks, hallucinations in LLMs--where LLMs generate inaccurate responses--remains as a critical problem as it can be directly connected to a crisis of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Minsuh Joo , Hyunsoo Cho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown a high capability in answering questions on a diverse range of topics. However, these models sometimes produce biased, ideologized or incorrect responses, limiting their applications if there is no…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xiaotian Zhou , Di Tang , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu

To maintain user trust, large language models (LLMs) should signal low confidence on examples where they are incorrect, instead of misleading the user. The standard approach of estimating confidence is to use the softmax probabilities of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Vaishnavi Shrivastava , Percy Liang , Ananya Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs), combined with program-based solving techniques, are increasingly demonstrating proficiency in mathematical reasoning. For example, closed-source models such as OpenAI GPT-4 and Claude show excellent results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Vernon Toh Yan Han , Ratish Puduppully , Nancy F. Chen

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to various domains, concerns regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs in safety-critical scenarios have been raised, due to their unpredictable tendency to hallucinate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xin Qiu , Risto Miikkulainen

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance across various tasks, but their tendency to produce hallucinations limits reliable adoption. Benchmarks such as TruthfulQA have been developed to measure truthfulness, yet they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Lorenzo Alfred Nery , Ronald Dawson Catignas , Thomas James Tiam-Lee

As API access becomes a primary interface to large language models (LLMs), users often interact with black-box systems that offer little transparency into the deployed model. To reduce costs or maliciously alter model behaviors, API…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Xiaoyuan Zhu , Yaowen Ye , Tianyi Qiu , Hanlin Zhu , Sijun Tan , Ajraf Mannan , Jonathan Michala , Raluca Ada Popa , Willie Neiswanger

This paper presents MathBode, a dynamic diagnostic for mathematical reasoning in large language models (LLMs). Instead of one-shot accuracy, MathBode treats each parametric problem as a system: we drive a single parameter sinusoidally and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Charles L. Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong generative capabilities but remain vulnerable to confabulations, fluent yet unreliable outputs that vary arbitrarily even under identical prompts. Leveraging a quantum tensor network based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Pragatheeswaran Vipulanandan , Kamal Premaratne , Dilip Sarkar

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across various mathematical reasoning benchmarks. However, there are increasing debates regarding whether these models truly understand and apply mathematical knowledge or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Qintong Li , Leyang Cui , Xueliang Zhao , Lingpeng Kong , Wei Bi

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant traction in medical domain, especially in developing a QA systems to Medical QA systems for enhancing access to healthcare in low-resourced settings. This paper compares five…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shefayat E Shams Adib , Ahmed Alfey Sani , Ekramul Alam Esham , Ajwad Abrar , Tareque Mohmud Chowdhury

There is increasing interest in the adoption of LLMs in HCI research. However, LLMs may often be regarded as a panacea because of their powerful capabilities with an accompanying oversight on whether they are suitable for their intended…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Gionnieve Lim , Simon T. Perrault

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, Claude-3, and Llama are being integrated across a variety of industries. Despite this rapid proliferation, experts are calling for caution in the interpretation and adoption of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Ryosuke Sonoda , Ramya Srinivasan

Effective safety auditing of large language models (LLMs) demands tools that go beyond black-box probing and systematically uncover vulnerabilities rooted in model internals. We present a comprehensive, interpretability-driven jailbreaking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Krishiv Agarwal , Ramneet Kaur , Colin Samplawski , Manoj Acharya , Anirban Roy , Daniel Elenius , Brian Matejek , Adam D. Cobb , Susmit Jha

In this paper, we introduce a systematic framework beyond conventional method to assess LLMs' mathematical-reasoning robustness by stress-testing them on advanced math problems that are mathematically equivalent but with linguistic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Yuren Hao , Xiang Wan , ChengXiang Zhai