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Bounded rationality, that is, decision-making and planning under resource limitations, is widely regarded as an important open problem in artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, computational neuroscience and economics. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-12-22 Pedro A. Ortega , Daniel A. Braun , Justin Dyer , Kee-Eung Kim , Naftali Tishby

We study learning in complete-information games, allowing the players' models of their environment to be misspecified. We introduce Berk--Nash rationalizability: the largest self-justified set of actions -- meaning each action in the set is…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-10-28 Ignacio Esponda , Demian Pouzo

The rapid deployment of Large Language Models and AI agents across critical societal and technical domains is hindered by persistent behavioral pathologies including sycophancy, hallucination, and strategic deception that resist mitigation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Xingcheng Xu , Jingjing Qu , Qiaosheng Zhang , Chaochao Lu , Yanqing Yang , Na Zou , Xia Hu

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable performance in natural language processing and related domains, as they largely focus on sequential, autoregressive next-token prediction tasks. Yet, they struggle in logical reasoning, not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Renee Ge , Qianli Liao , Tomaso Poggio

The rapid advancement of large language models has accelerated their application in reasoning, with strategic reasoning drawing increasing attention. To evaluate the strategic reasoning capabilities of LLMs, game theory, with its concise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Haochuan Wang , Xiachong Feng , Lei Li , Yu Guo , Zhanyue Qin , Dianbo Sui , Lingpeng Kong

We present a framework that incorporates the idea of bounded rationality into dynamic stochastic pursuit-evasion games. The solution of a stochastic game is characterized, in general, by its (Nash) equilibria in feedback form. However,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-17 Yue Guan , Dipankar Maity , Christopher M. Kroninger , Panagiotis Tsiotras

Most work in game theory assumes that players are perfect reasoners and have common knowledge of all significant aspects of the game. In earlier work, we proposed a framework for representing and analyzing games with possibly unaware…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-17 Leandro C. Rego , Joseph Y. Halpern

The empirical analysis of discrete complete-information games has relied on behavioral restrictions in the form of solution concepts, such as Nash equilibrium. Choosing the right solution concept is crucial not just for identification of…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-09-23 Nail Kashaev , Bruno Salcedo

In this study we explore the spontaneous apparition of visible intelligible reasoning in simple artificial networks, and we connect this experimental observation with a notion of semantic information. We start with the reproduction of a DNN…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Jean-Claude Belfiore , Daniel Bennequin , Xavier Giraud

Large language models have achieved strong reasoning capabilities, though often at the cost of massive parameter counts and expensive inference. In this work, we explore a different direction: adaptive reasoning depth in compact language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Venkat Akhil Lakkapragada

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated significant improvements in complex reasoning. While quantifying generation uncertainty in LRMs is crucial, traditional methods are often insufficient because they do not provide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yangyi Li , Chenxu Zhao , Mengdi Huai

Empirically, many strategic settings are characterized by stable outcomes in which players' decisions are publicly observed, yet no player takes the opportunity to deviate. To analyze such situations in the presence of incomplete…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-04-12 Paul S. Koh

Realizability asks whether there exists a program satisfying its specification. In this problem, we assume that each agent has her own objective and behaves rationally to satisfy her objective. Traditionally, the rationality of agents is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Rindo Nakanishi , Yoshiaki Takata , Hiroyuki Seki

With the great success of networks, it witnesses the increasing demand for the interpretation of the internal network mechanism, especially for the net decision-making logic. To tackle the challenge, the Concept-harmonized HierArchical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-06 Dan Wang , Xinrui Cui , Z. Jane Wang

Human explanations of high-level decisions are often expressed in terms of key concepts the decisions are based on. In this paper, we study such concept-based explainability for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). First, we define the notion of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Chih-Kuan Yeh , Been Kim , Sercan O. Arik , Chun-Liang Li , Tomas Pfister , Pradeep Ravikumar

This is the full version of a paper submitted to the Computability in Europe (CiE 2023) conference, with all proofs omitted there. In 2012 P. D. Azar and S. Micali introduced a new model of interactive proofs, called "Rational Interactive…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Daniil Musatov , Georgii Potapov

While large language models (LLMs) leverage both knowledge and reasoning during inference, the capacity to distinguish between them plays a pivotal role in model analysis, interpretability, and development. Inspired by dual-system cognitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Mutian Yang , Jiandong Gao , Ji Wu

One attractive approach to market dynamics is the level $k$ model in which a level $0$ player adopts a very simple response to current conditions, a level $1$ player best-responds to a model in which others take level $0$ actions, and so…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Krishnamurthy Dvijotham , Yuval Rabani , Leonard J. Schulman

Continual Learning (CL) focuses on learning from dynamic and changing data distributions while retaining previously acquired knowledge. Various methods have been developed to address the challenge of catastrophic forgetting, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhenyi Wang , Yan Li , Li Shen , Heng Huang

The growing complexity of AI systems has intensified the need for transparency through Explainable AI (XAI). Counterfactual explanations (CFs) offer actionable "what-if" scenarios on three levels: Local CFs providing instance-specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Oleksii Furman , Patryk Wielopolski , Łukasz Lenkiewicz , Jerzy Stefanowski , Maciej Zięba