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Related papers: More Compute Is What You Need

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For deploying foundation models, practitioners increasingly need prescriptive scaling laws: given a pre training compute budget, what downstream accuracy is attainable with contemporary post training practice, and how stable is that mapping…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Hanlin Zhang , Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Sham Kakade

Research on scaling large language models (LLMs) has primarily focused on model parameters and training data size, overlooking the role of vocabulary size. We investigate how vocabulary size impacts LLM scaling laws by training models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chaofan Tao , Qian Liu , Longxu Dou , Niklas Muennighoff , Zhongwei Wan , Ping Luo , Min Lin , Ngai Wong

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) highlight a strong connection between intelligence and compression. Learned image compression, a fundamental task in modern data compression, has made significant progress in recent years.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuqi Li , Haotian Zhang , Li Li , Dong Liu , Feng Wu

Sampling is a basic operation in many inference-time algorithms of large language models (LLMs). To scale up inference efficiently with a limited compute, it is crucial to find an optimal allocation for sample compute budgets: Which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Kexun Zhang , Shang Zhou , Danqing Wang , William Yang Wang , Lei Li

We develop task scaling laws and model ladders to predict the individual task performance of pretrained language models (LMs) in the overtrained setting. Standard power laws for language modeling loss cannot accurately model task…

Neural network-based emulators for the inference of stellar parameters and elemental abundances represent an increasingly popular methodology in modern spectroscopic surveys. However, these approaches are often constrained by their…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-10 Tomasz Różański , Yuan-Sen Ting

Despite recent advancements of large language models (LLMs), optimally predicting the model size for LLM pretraining or allocating optimal resources still remains a challenge. Several efforts have addressed the challenge by proposing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Md Arafat Hossain , Xingfu Wu , Valerie Taylor , Ali Jannesari

We classify and re-examine some of the current approaches to improve the performance-computes trade-off of language models, including (1) non-causal models (such as masked language models), (2) extension of batch length with efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Aran Komatsuzaki

Chemical Language Models (CLMs) pre-trained on large scale molecular data are widely used for molecular property prediction. However, the common belief that increasing training resources such as model size, dataset size, and training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Tatsuya Sagawa , Ryosuke Kojima

Large language models with a huge number of parameters, when trained on near internet-sized number of tokens, have been empirically shown to obey neural scaling laws: specifically, their performance behaves predictably as a power law in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Alexander Maloney , Daniel A. Roberts , James Sully

Large language models (LLMs) are limited by substantial computational cost. We introduce a "computational economics" framework that treats an LLM as an internal economy of resource-constrained agents (attention heads and neuron blocks) that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sandeep Reddy , Kabir Khan , Rohit Patil , Ananya Chakraborty , Faizan A. Khan , Swati Kulkarni , Arjun Verma , Neha Singh

Large Language Models have driven significant AI advancements, yet their training is resource-intensive and highly sensitive to hyper-parameter selection. While scaling laws provide valuable guidance on model size and data requirements,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xingyu Xie , Kuangyu Ding , Shuicheng Yan , Kim-Chuan Toh , Tianwen Wei

Dramatic increases in the capabilities of neural network models in recent years are driven by scaling model size, training data, and corresponding computational resources. To develop the exceedingly large networks required in modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jared Fernandez , Luca Wehrstedt , Leonid Shamis , Mostafa Elhoushi , Kalyan Saladi , Yonatan Bisk , Emma Strubell , Jacob Kahn

It is a common belief that large language models (LLMs) are better than smaller-sized ones. However, larger models also require significantly more time and compute during inference. This begs the question: what happens when both models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Michael Hassid , Tal Remez , Jonas Gehring , Roy Schwartz , Yossi Adi

Transformers-based pretrained language models achieve outstanding results in many well-known NLU benchmarks. However, while pretraining methods are very convenient, they are expensive in terms of time and resources. This calls for a study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Laura Pérez-Mayos , Miguel Ballesteros , Leo Wanner

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, primarily attributed to the utilization of diversely sourced data. However, the impact of pretraining data composition on model performance remains poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ce Ge , Zhijian Ma , Daoyuan Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Modern LLM pre-training consumes vast amounts of compute and training data, making the scaling behavior, or scaling laws, of different models a key distinguishing factor. Discrete diffusion language models (DLMs) have been proposed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Dimitri von Rütte , Janis Fluri , Omead Pooladzandi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Thomas Hofmann , Antonio Orvieto

Scaling test-time compute through extended chains of thought has become a dominant paradigm for improving large language model reasoning. However, existing research implicitly assumes that longer thinking always yields better results. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shu Zhou , Rui Ling , Junan Chen , Xin Wang , Tao Fan , Hao Wang

Test-time compute scaling, the practice of spending extra computation during inference via repeated sampling, search, or extended reasoning, has become a powerful lever for improving large language model performance. Yet deploying these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zhiyuan Zhai , Bingcong Li , Bingnan Xiao , Ming Li , Xin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a milestone in artificial intelligence, and their performance can improve as the model size increases. However, this scaling brings great challenges to training and inference efficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Chaojun Xiao , Jie Cai , Weilin Zhao , Guoyang Zeng , Biyuan Lin , Jie Zhou , Zhi Zheng , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun