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With the rapid development and uptake of large language models (LLMs) across high-stakes settings, it is increasingly important to ensure that LLMs behave in ways that align with human values. Existing moral benchmarks prompt LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Andrew Shaw , Christina Hahn , Catherine Rasgaitis , Yash Mishra , Alisa Liu , Natasha Jaques , Yulia Tsvetkov , Amy X. Zhang

We study how well large language models (LLMs) explain their generations through rationales -- a set of tokens extracted from the input text that reflect the decision-making process of LLMs. Specifically, we systematically study rationales…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Mohsen Fayyaz , Fan Yin , Jiao Sun , Nanyun Peng

Do large language models (LLMs) exhibit systematic ideological bias when reasoning about economic causal effects? As LLMs are increasingly used in policy analysis and economic reporting, where directionally correct causal judgments are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Donggyu Lee , Hyeok Yun , Jungwon Kim , Junsik Min , Sungwon Park , Sangyoon Park , Jihee Kim

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit emergent behaviors suggestive of human-like reasoning. While recent work has identified structured conceptual representations within these models, it remains unclear whether they functionally rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ningyu Xu , Qi Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Several recent works argue that LLMs have a universal truth direction where true and false statements are linearly separable in the activation space of the model. It has been demonstrated that linear probes trained on a single hidden state…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Timour Ichmoukhamedov , David Martens

Recent studies evaluate the value orientation of large language models (LLMs) using adapted social surveys, typically by prompting models with survey questions and comparing their responses to average human responses. This paper identifies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jindřich Libovický

Large language models (LLMs) have been reported to linearly encode truthfulness, yet recent work questions this finding's generality. We reconcile these views with the truthfulness spectrum hypothesis: the representational space contains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Zhuofan Josh Ying , Shauli Ravfogel , Nikolaus Kriegeskorte , Peter Hase

Language model representations often contain linear directions that correspond to high-level concepts. Here, we study the dynamics of these representations: how representations evolve along these dimensions within the context of (simulated)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andrew Kyle Lampinen , Yuxuan Li , Eghbal Hosseini , Sangnie Bhardwaj , Murray Shanahan

Numerous decision-making tasks require estimating causal effects under interventions on different parts of a system. As practitioners consider using large language models (LLMs) to automate decisions, studying their causal reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Tejas Kasetty , Divyat Mahajan , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Alexandre Drouin , Dhanya Sridhar

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly solve difficult problems by producing "reasoning traces" before emitting a final response. However, it remains unclear how accuracy and decision commitment evolve along a reasoning trajectory, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Marthe Ballon , Brecht Verbeken , Vincent Ginis , Andres Algaba

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate user-tailored summaries, adapting outputs to specific stakeholders. In legal contexts, this raises important questions about motivated reasoning -- how models strategically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Eunjung Cho , Alexander Hoyle , Yoan Hermstrüwer

Large Language Models (LLMs) store an extensive amount of factual knowledge obtained from vast collections of text. To effectively utilize these models for downstream tasks, it is crucial to have reliable methods for measuring their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Pouya Pezeshkpour

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on vast amounts of text from the internet, which contains both factual and misleading information about the world. While unintuitive from a classic view of LMs, recent work has shown that the truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Nitish Joshi , Javier Rando , Abulhair Saparov , Najoung Kim , He He

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks, aided by techniques like chain-of-thought prompting that elicits verbalized reasoning. However, LLMs often generate text with obvious…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Zhihui Xie , Jizhou Guo , Tong Yu , Shuai Li

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly become indispensable tools for acquiring information and supporting human decision-making. However, ensuring that these models uphold fairness across varied contexts is critical to their safe and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Xulang Zhang , Rui Mao , Erik Cambria

Understanding how large language models (LLMs) internally represent and process their predictions is central to detecting uncertainty and preventing hallucinations. While several studies have shown that models encode uncertainty in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Sunwoo Kim , Haneul Yoo , Alice Oh

While large language models (LLMs) excel in mathematical and code reasoning, we observe they struggle with social reasoning tasks, exhibiting cognitive confusion, logical inconsistencies, and conflation between objective world states and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jialu Du , Guiyang Hou , Yihui Fu , Chen Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu

The impressive linguistic abilities of large language models (LLMs) have recommended them as models of human sentence processing, with some conjecturing a positive 'quality-power' relationship (Wilcox et al., 2023), in which language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi-Chien Lin , Hongao Zhu , William Schuler

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in open-domain Question Answering (QA), their ability to handle inferential questions-where answers must be derived rather than directly retrieved-remains still underexplored. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained immense attention due to their notable emergent capabilities, surpassing those seen in earlier language models. A particularly intriguing application of LLMs is their role as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Xue-Yong Fu , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Cheng Chen , Shashi Bhushan TN