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We show that counting the number of collisions (re-sampled bitstrings) when measuring a random quantum circuit provides a practical benchmark for the quality of a quantum computer and a quantitative noise characterization method. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-05 Andrea Mari

Rapid development of quantum computing technology has led to a wide variety of sophisticated quantum devices. Benchmarking these systems becomes crucial for understanding their capabilities and paving the way for future advancements. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-11 Rafał Bistroń , Marcin Rudziński , Ryszard Kukulski , Karol Życzkowski

Quantum fidelity estimation is essential for benchmarking quantum states and processes on noisy quantum devices. While stabilizer operations form the foundation of fault-tolerant quantum computing, non-stabilizer resources further enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Zhiping Liu , Kun Wang , Xin Wang

Quantum error correcting (QEC) stabilizer codes enable protection of quantum information against errors during storage and processing. Simulation of noisy QEC codes is used to identify the noise parameters necessary for advantageous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Sascha Heußen , Don Winter , Manuel Rispler , Markus Müller

Characterising quantum processes is a key task in and constitutes a challenge for the development of quantum technologies, especially at the noisy intermediate scale of today's devices. One method for characterising processes is randomised…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Ingo Roth , Richard Kueng , Shelby Kimmel , Yi-Kai Liu , David Gross , Jens Eisert , Martin Kliesch

Quantum information processing offers promising advances for a wide range of fields and applications, provided that we can efficiently assess the performance of the control applied in candidate systems. That is, we must be able to determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-26 Christopher Granade , Christopher Ferrie , D. G. Cory

One of the major challenges for erroneous quantum computers is undoubtedly the control over the effect of noise. Considering the rapid growth of available quantum resources that are not fully fault-tolerant, it is crucial to develop…

Performance of quantum process estimation is naturally limited to fundamental, random, and systematic imperfections in preparations and measurements. These imperfections may lead to considerable errors in the process reconstruction due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-16 M. Mohseni , A. T. Rezakhani , J. T. Barreiro , P. G. Kwiat , A. Aspuru-Guzik

With the development of controllable quantum systems, fast and practical characterization for multi-qubit gates is essential for building high-fidelity quantum computing devices. The usual way to fulfill this requirement via randomized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Yihong Zhang , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Guoding Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Characterizing the noise in the set of gate operations that form the building blocks of a quantum computational device is a necessity for assessing the quality of the device. Here, we introduce randomized linear gate set tomography, an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-25 Yanwu Gu , Rajesh Mishra , Berthold-Georg Englert , Hui Khoon Ng

In the model of gate-based quantum computation, the qubits are controlled by a sequence of quantum gates. In superconducting qubit systems, these gates can be implemented by voltage pulses. The success of implementing a particular gate can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-04 D. Willsch , M. Nocon , F. Jin , H. De Raedt , K. Michielsen

With the advent of public access to small gate-based quantum processors, it becomes necessary to develop a benchmarking methodology such that independent researchers can validate the operation of these processors. We explore the usefulness…

We describe a practical experimental protocol for robustly characterizing the error rates of non-Clifford gates associated with dihedral groups, including gates in SU(2) associated with arbitrarily small angle rotations. Our dihedral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-14 Arnaud Carignan-Dugas , Joel J. Wallman , Joseph Emerson

A powerful tool emerging from the study of many-body quantum dynamics is that of dual-unitary circuits, which are unitary even when read `sideways', i.e., along the spatial direction. Here, we show that this provides the ideal framework to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-25 David T. Stephen , Wen Wei Ho , Tzu-Chieh Wei , Robert Raussendorf , Ruben Verresen

Characterisation protocols have so far played a central role in the development of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers capable of impressive quantum feats. This trajectory is expected to continue in building the next…

The quest for precision in parameter estimation is a fundamental task in different scientific areas. The relevance of this problem thus provided the motivation to develop methods for the application of quantum resources to estimation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Valeria Cimini , Emanuele Polino , Mauro Valeri , Nicolò Spagnolo , Fabio Sciarrino

Benchmarks that concisely summarize the performance of many-qubit quantum computers are essential for measuring progress towards the goal of useful quantum computation. In this work, we present a benchmarking framework that is based on…

A critical question for the field of quantum computing in the near future is whether quantum devices without error correction can perform a well-defined computational task beyond the capabilities of state-of-the-art classical computers,…

Quantum computers are on the brink of surpassing the capabilities of even the most powerful classical computers. This naturally raises the question of how one can trust the results of a quantum computer when they cannot be compared to…

In its many variants, randomized benchmarking (RB) is a broadly used technique for assessing the quality of gate implementations on quantum computers. A detailed theoretical understanding and general guarantees exist for the functioning and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-28 Markus Heinrich , Martin Kliesch , Ingo Roth