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Identifying, classifying, and analyzing arguments in legal discourse has been a prominent area of research since the inception of the argument mining field. However, there has been a major discrepancy between the way natural language…

This article provides a systematic up-to-date survey of automatic summarization techniques, datasets, models, and evaluation methods in the legal domain. Through specific source selection criteria, we thoroughly review over 120 papers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Mousumi Akter , Erion Çano , Erik Weber , Dennis Dobler , Ivan Habernal

Working with documents is a key part of almost any knowledge work, from contextualizing research in a literature review to reviewing legal precedent. Recently, as their capabilities have expanded, primarily text-based NLP systems have often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sireesh Gururaja , Nupoor Gandhi , Jeremiah Milbauer , Emma Strubell

The digitalization of the legal domain has been ongoing for a couple of years. In that process, the application of different machine learning (ML) techniques is crucial. Tasks such as the classification of legal documents or contract…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Ahmed Elnaggar , Christoph Gebendorfer , Ingo Glaser , Florian Matthes

NLP in the legal domain has seen increasing success with the emergence of Transformer-based Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) pre-trained on legal text. PLMs trained over European and US legal text are available publicly; however, legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Shounak Paul , Arpan Mandal , Pawan Goyal , Saptarshi Ghosh

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have leveraged promising results in solving complex problems in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP), being an important tool to help in the expeditious resolution of judicial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Raphael Souza de Oliveira , Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento

The pervasiveness of abusive content on the internet can lead to severe psychological and physical harm. Significant effort in Natural Language Processing (NLP) research has been devoted to addressing this problem through abusive content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Svetlana Kiritchenko , Isar Nejadgholi , Kathleen C. Fraser

The current wave of digital transformation has spurred digitisation reforms and has led to prodigious development of AI & NLP systems, with several of them entering the public domain. There is a perception that these systems have a non…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Satyam Mohla , Anupam Guha

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to legal documents. The use of convolutional and recurrent neural networks along with word embedding techniques have presented…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Mariana Y. Noguti , Eduardo Vellasques , Luiz S. Oliveira

Legal work, characterized by its text-heavy and resource-intensive nature, presents unique challenges and opportunities for NLP research. While data-driven approaches have advanced the field, their lack of interpretability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Oliver Wardas , Florian Matthes

Natural language processing (NLP) has recently gained much attention for representing and analysing human language computationally. It has spread its applications in various fields such as machine translation, email spam detection,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Diksha Khurana , Aditya Koli , Kiran Khatter , Sukhdev Singh

As an efficient approach to understand, generate, and process natural language texts, research in natural language processing (NLP) has exhibited a rapid spread and wide adoption in recent years. Given the increasing research work in this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Tim Schopf , Karim Arabi , Florian Matthes

This paper establishes the first comprehensive review of Large Language Models (LLMs) applied within the legal domain. It pioneers an innovative dual lens taxonomy that integrates legal reasoning frameworks and professional ontologies to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Peizhang Shao , Linrui Xu , Jinxi Wang , Wei Zhou , Xingyu Wu

State-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) models are trained on massive training corpora, and report a superlative performance on evaluation datasets. This survey delves into an important attribute of these datasets: the dialect of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Aditya Joshi , Raj Dabre , Diptesh Kanojia , Zhuang Li , Haolan Zhan , Gholamreza Haffari , Doris Dippold

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to predict judgment results based on fact descriptions automatically. Recently, large-scale public datasets and advances in NLP research have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Junyun Cui , Xiaoyu Shen , Feiping Nie , Zheng Wang , Jinglong Wang , Yulong Chen

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a key technique for developing Medical Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems that leverage Electronic Health Record (EHR) data to build diagnostic and prognostic models. NLP enables the conversion of…

Natural language processing (NLP) has been traditionally applied to medicine, and generative large language models (LLMs) have become prominent recently. However, the differences between them across different medical tasks remain…

While Artificial Intelligence applied to the legal domain is a topic with origins in the last century, recent advances in Artificial Intelligence are posed to revolutionize it. This work presents an overview and contextualizes the main…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-15 João Dias , Pedro A. Santos , Nuno Cordeiro , Ana Antunes , Bruno Martins , Jorge Baptista , Carlos Gonçalves

Modeling legal reasoning and argumentation justifying decisions in cases has always been central to AI & Law, yet contemporary developments in legal NLP have increasingly focused on statistically classifying legal conclusions from text.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 T. Y. S. S Santosh , Kevin D. Ashley , Katie Atkinson , Matthias Grabmair

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has become a cornerstone in many critical sectors, including healthcare, finance, and customer relationship management. This is especially true with the development and use of advanced models such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Hadi Mohammadi , Ayoub Bagheri , Anastasia Giachanou , Daniel L. Oberski