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Large language models (LLMs) are often portrayed as merely imitating linguistic patterns without genuine understanding. We argue that recent findings in mechanistic interpretability (MI), the emerging field probing the inner workings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Pierre Beckmann , Matthieu Queloz

We introduce the framework of "social learning" in the context of large language models (LLMs), whereby models share knowledge with each other in a privacy-aware manner using natural language. We present and evaluate two approaches for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Amirkeivan Mohtashami , Florian Hartmann , Sian Gooding , Lukas Zilka , Matt Sharifi , Blaise Aguera y Arcas

Large language models (LLMs) learn a vast amount of knowledge during pretraining, but they are often oblivious to the source(s) of such knowledge. We investigate the problem of intrinsic source citation, where LLMs are required to cite the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Muhammad Khalifa , David Wadden , Emma Strubell , Honglak Lee , Lu Wang , Iz Beltagy , Hao Peng

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities across tasks such as mathematics, coding, and reasoning, yet their learning ability, which is crucial for adapting to dynamic environments and acquiring new knowledge, remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Zhengyu Hu , Jianxun Lian , Zheyuan Xiao , Seraphina Zhang , Tianfu Wang , Nicholas Jing Yuan , Xing Xie , Hui Xiong

Parametric language models (LMs), which are trained on vast amounts of web data, exhibit remarkable flexibility and capability. However, they still face practical challenges such as hallucinations, difficulty in adapting to new data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Akari Asai , Zexuan Zhong , Danqi Chen , Pang Wei Koh , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Wen-tau Yih

Large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge across diverse domains such as science, history, and geography encountered during generative pre-training. However, due to their stochasticity, it is difficult to predict what LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Kartik Sharma , Yiqiao Jin , Rakshit Trivedi , Srijan Kumar

Modern approaches to enhancing Large Language Models' factual accuracy and knowledge utilization face a fundamental trade-off: non-parametric retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides flexible access to external knowledge but suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rubin Wei , Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Jushi Kai , Qipeng Guo , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly popular in pervasive computing due to their versatility and strong performance. However, despite their ubiquitous use, the exact mechanisms underlying their outstanding performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Alhassan Abdelhalim , Janick Edinger , Sören Laue , Michaela Regneri

We conduct the first empirical study on using knowledge transfer to improve the generalization ability of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering tasks, which often require LLMs to generalize beyond their training data. Our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Qing Huang , Yishun Wu , Zhenchang Xing , He Jiang , Yu Cheng , Huan Jin

Attribution in large language models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge, particularly in ensuring the factual accuracy and reliability of the generated outputs. Current methods for citation or attribution, such as those employed by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Deepa Tilwani , Revathy Venkataramanan , Amit P. Sheth

Large Language Models are increasingly deployed for decision-making, yet their adoption in high-stakes domains remains limited by miscalibrated probabilities, unfaithful explanations, and inability to incorporate expert knowledge precisely.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yanji He , Yuxin Jiang , Yiwen Wu , Bo Huang , Jiaheng Wei , Wei Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have made significant advancements in a wide range of natural language processing and vision-language tasks. Access to large web-scale datasets has been a key factor in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Jie Ren , Kangrui Chen , Chen Chen , Vikash Sehwag , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Lingjuan Lyu

Concerns regarding Large Language Models (LLMs) to memorize and disclose private information, particularly Personally Identifiable Information (PII), become prominent within the community. Many efforts have been made to mitigate the privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Ruizhe Chen , Tianxiang Hu , Yang Feng , Zuozhu Liu

Understanding knowledge mechanisms in Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for advancing towards trustworthy AGI. This paper reviews knowledge mechanism analysis from a novel taxonomy including knowledge utilization and evolution.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Mengru Wang , Yunzhi Yao , Ziwen Xu , Shuofei Qiao , Shumin Deng , Peng Wang , Xiang Chen , Jia-Chen Gu , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

To learn about real world phenomena, scientists have traditionally used models with clearly interpretable elements. However, modern machine learning (ML) models, while powerful predictors, lack this direct elementwise interpretability (e.g.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-16 Timo Freiesleben , Gunnar König , Christoph Molnar , Alvaro Tejero-Cantero

Knowledge augmentation has significantly enhanced the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive tasks. However, existing methods typically operate on the simplistic premise that model performance equates with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Hao Chen , Ye He , Yuchun Fan , Yukun Yan , Zhenghao Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Maosong Sun , Wanxiang Che

By providing external information to large language models (LLMs), tool augmentation (including retrieval augmentation) has emerged as a promising solution for addressing the limitations of LLMs' static parametric memory. However, how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Jian Xie , Kai Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Renze Lou , Yu Su

Measuring innovation often relies on context-specific proxies and on expert evaluation. Hence, empirical innovation research is often limited to settings where such data is available. We investigate how large language models (LLMs) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Robin Nowak , Patrick Figge , Carolin Haeussler

In practice, training language models for individual authors is often expensive because of limited data resources. In such cases, Neural Network Language Models (NNLMs), generally outperform the traditional non-parametric N-gram models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-02-18 Zhenhao Ge , Yufang Sun , Mark J. T. Smith

This project investigates the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in understanding and extracting scientific knowledge across specific domains and to create a deep learning framework: Knowledge AI. As a part of this framework, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Balaji Muralidharan , Hayden Beadles , Reza Marzban , Kalyan Sashank Mupparaju