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Face enhancement techniques are widely used to enhance facial appearance. However, they can inadvertently distort biometric features, leading to significant decrease in the accuracy of deepfake detectors. This study hypothesizes that these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Muhammad Saad Saeed , Ijaz Ul Haq , Khalid Malik

Existing deepfake detection methods often exhibit bias, lack transparency, and fail to capture temporal information, leading to biased decisions and unreliable results across different demographic groups. In this paper, we propose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Akihito Yoshii , Ryosuke Sonoda , Ramya Srinivasan

Facial forgery methods such as deepfakes can be misused for identity manipulation and spreading misinformation. They have evolved alongside advancements in generative AI, leading to new and more sophisticated forgery techniques that diverge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Nadarasar Bahavan , Sachith Seneviratne , Sanjay Saha , Ken Chen , Sanka Rasnayaka , Saman Halgamuge

The proliferation of synthetic images generated by advanced AI models poses significant challenges in identifying and understanding manipulated visual content. Current fake image detection methods predominantly rely on binary classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Ritabrata Chakraborty , Rajatsubhra Chakraborty , Ali Khaleghi Rahimian , Thomas MacDougall

Detecting DeepFakes has become a crucial research area as the widespread use of AI image generators enables the effortless creation of face-manipulated and fully synthetic content, while existing methods are often limited to binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Rohit Kundu , Shan Jia , Vishal Mohanty , Athula Balachandran , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

The ability to distinguish whether an image is generated by artificial intelligence (AI) is a crucial ingredient in human intelligence, usually accompanied by a complex and dialectical forensic and reasoning process. However, current fake…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Yixuan Li , Xuelin Liu , Xiaoyang Wang , Bu Sung Lee , Shiqi Wang , Anderson Rocha , Weisi Lin

The main objective of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is to provide effective explanations for black-box classifiers. The existing literature lists many desirable properties for explanations to be useful, but there is no consensus…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Elvio G. Amparore , Alan Perotti , Paolo Bajardi

Despite outstanding contribution to the significant progress of Artificial Intelligence (AI), deep learning models remain mostly black boxes, which are extremely weak in explainability of the reasoning process and prediction results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Sheng Shi , Xinfeng Zhang , Wei Fan

Most prior deepfake detection methods lack explainable outputs. With the growing interest in multimodal large language models (MLLMs), researchers have started exploring their use in interpretable deepfake detection. However, a major…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Ning Jiang , Dingheng Zeng , Yanhong Liu , Haiyang Yi , Shijie Yu , Minghe Weng , Haifeng Shen , Ying Li

DeepFake, an AI technology for creating facial forgeries, has garnered global attention. Amid such circumstances, forensics researchers focus on developing defensive algorithms to counter these threats. In contrast, there are techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Bing Fan , Shu Hu , Feng Ding

Deepfake is a generative deep learning algorithm that creates or changes facial features in a very realistic way making it hard to differentiate the real from the fake features It can be used to make movies look better as well as to spread…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Nadeem Jabbar CH , Aqib Saghir , Ayaz Ahmad Meer , Salman Ahmad Sahi , Bilal Hassan , Siddiqui Muhammad Yasir

Methods for interpreting machine learning black-box models increase the outcomes' transparency and in turn generates insight into the reliability and fairness of the algorithms. However, the interpretations themselves could contain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Yujia Zhang , Kuangyan Song , Yiming Sun , Sarah Tan , Madeleine Udell

In this paper, we introduce the idea of using adversarially-generated samples of the input images that were classified as deepfakes by a detector, to form perturbation masks for inferring the importance of different input features and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Konstantinos Tsigos , Evlampios Apostolidis , Vasileios Mezaris

Deepfake detection remains a critical challenge in the era of advanced generative models, particularly as synthetic media becomes more sophisticated. In this study, we explore the potential of state of the art multi-modal (reasoning) large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Simiao Ren , Yao Yao , Kidus Zewde , Zisheng Liang , Tsang , Ng , Ning-Yau Cheng , Xiaoou Zhan , Qinzhe Liu , Yifei Chen , Hengwei Xu

One of the most terrifying phenomenon nowadays is the DeepFake: the possibility to automatically replace a person's face in images and videos by exploiting algorithms based on deep learning. This paper will present a brief overview of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Luca Guarnera , Oliver Giudice , Cristina Nastasi , Sebastiano Battiato

Although modern machine learning and deep learning methods allow for complex and in-depth data analytics, the predictive models generated by these methods are often highly complex, and lack transparency. Explainable AI (XAI) methods are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Mythreyi Velmurugan , Chun Ouyang , Catarina Moreira , Renuka Sindhgatta

The proliferation of DeepFake technology is a rising challenge in today's society, owing to more powerful and accessible generation methods. To counter this, the research community has developed detectors of ever-increasing accuracy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Federico Baldassarre , Quentin Debard , Gonzalo Fiz Pontiveros , Tri Kurniawan Wijaya

Deep Learning has shown outstanding results in computer vision tasks; healthcare is no exception. However, there is no straightforward way to expose the decision-making process of DL models. Good accuracy is not enough for skin cancer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rosa Y. G. Paccotacya-Yanque , Alceu Bissoto , Sandra Avila

Deepfake detection is a long-established research topic vital for mitigating the spread of malicious misinformation. Unlike prior methods that provide either binary classification results or textual explanations separately, we introduce a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Xiao Guo , Xiufeng Song , Yue Zhang , Xiaohong Liu , Xiaoming Liu

Despite the fact that DeepFake forgery detection algorithms have achieved impressive performance on known manipulations, they often face disastrous performance degradation when generalized to an unseen manipulation. Some recent works show…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Chuer Yu , Xuhong Zhang , Yuxuan Duan , Senbo Yan , Zonghui Wang , Yang Xiang , Shouling Ji , Wenzhi Chen