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As a primary means of information acquisition, information retrieval (IR) systems, such as search engines, have integrated themselves into our daily lives. These systems also serve as components of dialogue, question-answering, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Yutao Zhu , Huaying Yuan , Shuting Wang , Jiongnan Liu , Wenhan Liu , Chenlong Deng , Haonan Chen , Zheng Liu , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Information Pursuit (IP) is an explainable prediction algorithm that greedily selects a sequence of interpretable queries about the data in order of information gain, updating its posterior at each step based on observed query-answer pairs.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Stefan Kolek , Aditya Chattopadhyay , Kwan Ho Ryan Chan , Hector Andrade-Loarca , Gitta Kutyniok , Réne Vidal

Information retrieval (IR) plays a crucial role in locating relevant resources from vast amounts of data, and its applications have evolved from traditional knowledge bases to modern retrieval models (RMs). The emergence of large language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Jiazhan Feng , Chongyang Tao , Xiubo Geng , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Guodong Long , Dongyan Zhao , Daxin Jiang

Interest in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence has been growing for decades and has accelerated recently. As Artificial Intelligence models have become more complex, and often more opaque, with the incorporation of complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Shruthi Chari , Daniel M. Gruen , Oshani Seneviratne , Deborah L. McGuinness

The research field of Information Retrieval (IR) has evolved significantly, expanding beyond traditional search to meet diverse user information needs. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in…

This review paper explores recent advancements and emerging approaches in Information Retrieval (IR) applied to Natural Language Processing (NLP). We examine traditional IR models such as Boolean, vector space, probabilistic, and inference…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Manak Raj , Nidhi Mishra

Explainable recommendation attempts to develop models that generate not only high-quality recommendations but also intuitive explanations. The explanations may either be post-hoc or directly come from an explainable model (also called…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Yongfeng Zhang , Xu Chen

The emergence of large-scale pretrained language models has posed unprecedented challenges in deriving explanations of why the model has made some predictions. Stemmed from the compositional nature of languages, spurious correlations have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Ruochen Zhao , Shafiq Joty , Yongjie Wang , Tan Wang

Information retrieval models have witnessed a paradigm shift from unsupervised statistical approaches to feature-based supervised approaches to completely data-driven ones that make use of the pre-training of large language models. While…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Saran Pandian , Debasis Ganguly , Sean MacAvaney

Recommendation Systems have become integral to modern user experiences, but lack transparency in their decision-making processes. Existing explainable recommendation methods are hindered by reliance on a post-hoc paradigm, wherein…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Xiaohan Yu , Li Zhang , Chong Chen

We often see the term explainable in the titles of papers that describe applications based on artificial intelligence (AI). However, the literature in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) indicates that explanations in XAI are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Mallika Mainali , Rosina O Weber

Explainable AI is an emerging field providing solutions for acquiring insights into automated systems' rationale. It has been put on the AI map by suggesting ways to tackle key ethical and societal issues. Existing explanation techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Ioannis Mollas , Nick Bassiliades , Grigorios Tsoumakas

Users in many domains use machine learning (ML) predictions to help them make decisions. Effective ML-based decision-making often requires explanations of ML models and their predictions. While there are many algorithms that explain models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Alexandra Zytek , Wei-En Wang , Dongyu Liu , Laure Berti-Equille , Kalyan Veeramachaneni

Reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) often suffers from inefficient long chain-of-thought traces with redundant self-exploration and validation, which inflate computational costs and even degrade performance. Inspired by human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Qianyue Wang , Jinwu Hu , Huanxiang Lin , Bolin Chen , Zhiquan Wen , Yaofo Chen , Yu Rong , Mingkui Tan

In this paper we look beyond metrics-based evaluation of Information Retrieval systems, to explore the reasons behind ranking results. We present the content-focused Neural-IR-Explorer, which empowers users to browse through retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Sebastian Hofstätter , Markus Zlabinger , Allan Hanbury

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has experienced a significant growth over the last few years. This is due to the widespread application of machine learning, particularly deep learning, that has led to the development of highly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Giulia Vilone , Luca Longo

As information retrieval (IR) systems, such as search engines and conversational agents, become ubiquitous in various domains, the need for transparent and explainable systems grows to ensure accountability, fairness, and unbiased results.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Catherine Chen , Carsten Eickhoff

This work describes the TrueLearn Python library, which contains a family of online learning Bayesian models for building educational (or more generally, informational) recommendation systems. This family of models was designed following…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Yuxiang Qiu , Karim Djemili , Denis Elezi , Aaneel Shalman , María Pérez-Ortiz , Sahan Bulathwela

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across many NLP tasks, their opaque internal mechanisms hinder trustworthiness and safe deployment. Existing surveys in explainable AI largely focus on post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yutong Gao , Qinglin Meng , Yuan Zhou , Liangming Pan

The core of information retrieval (IR) is to identify relevant information from large-scale resources and return it as a ranked list to respond to the user's information need. In recent years, the resurgence of deep learning has greatly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Yixing Fan , Xiaohui Xie , Yinqiong Cai , Jia Chen , Xinyu Ma , Xiangsheng Li , Ruqing Zhang , Jiafeng Guo