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A quantum network promises to enable long distance quantum communication, and assemble small quantum devices into a large quantum computing cluster. Each network node can thereby be seen as a small few qubit quantum computer. Qubits can be…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Eddie Schoute , Laura Mancinska , Tanvirul Islam , Iordanis Kerenidis , Stephanie Wehner

We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. Pirker , W. Dür

The Quantum Internet, by enabling quantum communications among remote quantum nodes, is a network capable of supporting functionalities with no direct counterpart in the classical world. Indeed, with the network and communications…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Daniele Cuomo , Marcello Caleffi , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Quantum networks are composed of nodes which can send and receive quantum states by exchanging photons. Their goal is to facilitate quantum communication between any nodes, something which can be used to send secret messages in a secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Antonio Acin , J. Ignacio Cirac , Maciej Lewenstein

The integration of quantum communication protocols over Ethernet networks is proposed, showing the potential of combining classical and quantum technologies for efficient, scalable quantum networking. By leveraging the inherent strengths of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Kun Chen-Hu , Kristian S. Jensen , Petar Popovski

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

A Quantum Internet, i.e., a global interconnection of quantum devices, is the long term goal of quantum communications, and has so far been based on two-dimensional systems (qubits). Recent years have seen a significant development of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-11 Davide Bacco , Jacob F. F. Bulmer , Manuel Erhard , Marcus Huber , Stefano Paesani

Quantum networks hold promise for key distribution, private and distributed computing, and quantum sensing, among other applications. The scale of such networks for ground users is currently limited by one's ability to distribute…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-19 Yanxuan Shao , Saikat Guha , Adilson E. Motter

We apply covert quantum communication based on entanglement generated from the Minkowski vacuum to the setting of quantum computation and quantum networks. Our approach hides the generation and distribution of entanglement in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-25 Kamil Bradler , George Siopsis , Alex Wozniakowski

The Quantum Internet is envisioned as the final stage of the quantum revolution, opening fundamentally new communications and computing capabilities, including the distributed quantum computing. But the Quantum Internet is governed by the…

The realization of the Quantum Internet promises transformative capabilities in secure communication, distributed quantum computing, and high-precision metrology. However, transitioning from laboratory experiments to a scalable,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Athanasios Gkelias , Felix T. A. Burt , Kin K. Leung

Quantum networks enable a number of important applications such as quantum key distribution. The basic function of a quantum network is to enable long-distance quantum entanglement between two remote communication parties. This work focuses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-10-28 Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian

The complementary features of different qubit platforms for computing and communicating impose an intrinsic hardware heterogeneity in any quantum network, where nodes, while processing and storing quantum information, must also communicate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Marcello Caleffi , Laura d'Avossa , Xu Han , Angela Sara Cacciapuoti

Large-scale communication networks, such as the internet, rely on routing packets of data through multiple intermediate nodes to transmit information from a sender to a receiver. In this paper, we develop a model of a quantum communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-28 Hlér Kristjánsson , Yan Zhong , Anthony Munson , Giulio Chiribella

Quantum networks, capable of transmitting arbitrary quantum states, provide a foundation for a wide range of quantum applications, including distributed quantum computing, distributed quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Photons are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Tian-Xiang Zhu , Xiao Liu , Zong-Quan Zhou , Chuan-Feng Li

Future quantum networks will be hybrid structures, constructed from complex architectures of quantum repeaters interconnected by quantum channels that describe a variety of physical domains; predominantly optical-fiber and free-space links.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Cillian Harney , Alasdair I. Fletcher , Stefano Pirandola

Scaling current quantum communication demonstrations to a large-scale quantum network will require not only advancements in quantum hardware capabilities, but also robust control of such devices to bridge the gap to user demand. Moreover,…

Quantum networks use principles of quantum physics to create secure communication networks. Moving these networks off the ground using drones, balloons, or satellites could help increase the scalability of these networks. This article…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Nitin Jha , Abhishek Parakh

Quantum information technology has the potential to revolutionize computing, communications, and security. To fully realize its potential, quantum processors with millions of qubits are needed, which is still far from being accomplished.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Nicholas Skjellum , Mohamed Shaban , Muhammad Ismail

Quantum communication brings radically new capabilities that are provably impossible to attain in any classical network. Here, we take the first step from a physics experiment to a fully fledged quantum internet system. We propose a…