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This paper describes our submission to the shared task on word/phrase level Quality Estimation (QE) in the First Conference on Statistical Machine Translation (WMT16). The objective of the shared task was to predict if the given word/phrase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-10-25 Raj Nath Patel , Sasikumar M

Insufficient modeling of human preferences within the reward model is a major obstacle for leveraging human feedback to improve translation quality. Fortunately, quality estimation (QE), which predicts the quality of a given translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhiwei He , Xing Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Shuming Shi , Zhaopeng Tu

Quality estimation aims to measure the quality of translated content without access to a reference translation. This is crucial for machine translation systems in real-world scenarios where high-quality translation is needed. While many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yi-Lin Tuan , Ahmed El-Kishky , Adithya Renduchintala , Vishrav Chaudhary , Francisco Guzmán , Lucia Specia

This paper describes our submission of the WMT 2020 Shared Task on Sentence Level Direct Assessment, Quality Estimation (QE). In this study, we empirically reveal the \textit{mismatching issue} when directly adopting BERTScore to QE.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Lei Zhou , Liang Ding , Koichi Takeda

Sentence-level Quality estimation (QE) of machine translation is traditionally formulated as a regression task, and the performance of QE models is typically measured by Pearson correlation with human labels. Recent QE models have achieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Shuo Sun , Ahmed El-Kishky , Vishrav Chaudhary , James Cross , Francisco Guzmán , Lucia Specia

Quality estimation (QE) reranking is a form of quality-aware decoding which aims to improve machine translation (MT) by scoring and selecting the best candidate from a pool of generated translations. While known to be effective at the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Krzysztof Mrozinski , Minji Kang , Ahmed Khota , Vincent Michael Sutanto , Giovanni Gatti De Giacomo

Quality Estimation, as a crucial step of quality control for machine translation, has been explored for years. The goal is to investigate automatic methods for estimating the quality of machine translation results without reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jiayi Wang , Ke Wang , Boxing Chen , Yu Zhao , Weihua Luo , Yuqi Zhang

Current Machine Translation systems achieve very good results on a growing variety of language pairs and data sets. However, it is now well known that they produce fluent translation outputs that often can contain important meaning errors.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Vibhuti Kumari , Narayana Murthy Kavi

Text simplification systems generate versions of texts that are easier to understand for a broader audience. The quality of simplified texts is generally estimated using metrics that compare to human references, which can be difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Reno Kriz , Marianna Apidianaki , Chris Callison-Burch

Most studies on word-level Quality Estimation (QE) of machine translation focus on language-specific models. The obvious disadvantages of these approaches are the need for labelled data for each language pair and the high cost required to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Constantin Orasan , Ruslan Mitkov

Quality Estimation (QE) is the task of evaluating the quality of a translation when reference translation is not available. The goal of QE aligns with the task of corpus filtering, where we assign the quality score to the sentence pairs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Akshay Batheja , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Quality Estimation (QE) aims to assess the quality of machine translation (MT) outputs without relying on reference translations, making it essential for real-world, large-scale MT evaluation. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Archchana Sindhujan , Girish A. Koushik , Shenbin Qian , Diptesh Kanojia , Constantin Orăsan

Machine Translation Quality Estimation (QE) is a task of predicting the quality of machine translations without relying on any reference. Recently, the predictor-estimator framework trains the predictor as a feature extractor, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Qu Cui , Shujian Huang , Jiahuan Li , Xiang Geng , Zaixiang Zheng , Guoping Huang , Jiajun Chen

Recent years have seen big advances in the field of sentence-level quality estimation (QE), largely as a result of using neural-based architectures. However, the majority of these methods work only on the language pair they are trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Constantin Orasan , Ruslan Mitkov

Current state-of-the-art Quality Estimation (QE) in machine translation relies on massive, proprietary LLMs, raising data privacy concerns. We demonstrate that smaller, open-source LLMs (<30B parameters) are a viable, cost-effective and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kamil Guttmann , Zofia Fraś , Artur Nowakowski , Krzysztof Jassem

This work presents a novel approach to Automatic Post-Editing (APE) and Word-Level Quality Estimation (QE) using ensembles of specialized Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems. Word-level features that have proven effective for QE are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-18 Chris Hokamp

From both human translators (HT) and machine translation (MT) researchers' point of view, translation quality evaluation (TQE) is an essential task. Translation service providers (TSPs) have to deliver large volumes of translations which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Serge Gladkoff , Irina Sorokina , Lifeng Han , Alexandra Alekseeva

We introduce $k$-nearest-neighbor machine translation ($k$NN-MT), which predicts tokens with a nearest neighbor classifier over a large datastore of cached examples, using representations from a neural translation model for similarity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Urvashi Khandelwal , Angela Fan , Dan Jurafsky , Luke Zettlemoyer , Mike Lewis

Word-level quality estimation (QE) methods aim to detect erroneous spans in machine translations, which can direct and facilitate human post-editing. While the accuracy of word-level QE systems has been assessed extensively, their usability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gabriele Sarti , Vilém Zouhar , Grzegorz Chrupała , Ana Guerberof-Arenas , Malvina Nissim , Arianna Bisazza

Quality Estimation (QE) models have the potential to change how we evaluate and maybe even train machine translation models. However, these models still lack the robustness to achieve general adoption. We show that State-of-the-art QE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Jiho Lee , Derry Wijaya