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As neural networks continue to grow in size but datasets might not, it is vital to understand how much performance improvement can be expected: is it more important to scale network size or data volume? Thus, neural network scaling laws,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Akhilan Boopathy , Ila Fiete

Language models famously improve under a smooth scaling law, but some specific capabilities exhibit sudden breakthroughs in performance. Advocates of "emergence" view these capabilities as unlocked at a specific scale, but others attribute…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Rosie Zhao , Tian Qin , David Alvarez-Melis , Sham Kakade , Naomi Saphra

Deep learning (DL) creates impactful advances following a virtuous recipe: model architecture search, creating large training data sets, and scaling computation. It is widely believed that growing training sets and models should improve…

Deep learning has recently revealed the existence of scaling laws, demonstrating that model performance follows predictable trends based on dataset and model sizes. Inspired by these findings and fascinating phenomena emerging in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Mattia Rosso , Simone Rossi , Giulio Franzese , Markus Heinonen , Maurizio Filippone

Emergence, where complex behaviors develop from the interactions of simpler components within a network, plays a crucial role in enhancing neural network capabilities. We introduce a quantitative framework to measure emergence during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Faisal AlShinaifi , Zeyad Almoaigel , Johnny Jingze Li , Abdulla Kuleib , Gabriel A. Silva

Neural scaling laws describe how the performance of deep neural networks scales with key factors such as training data size, model complexity, and training time, often following power-law behaviors over multiple orders of magnitude. Despite…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-14 Roman Worschech , Bernd Rosenow

This paper presents meta-sparsity, a framework for learning model sparsity, basically learning the parameter that controls the degree of sparsity, that allows deep neural networks (DNNs) to inherently generate optimal sparse shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Richa Upadhyay , Ronald Phlypo , Rajkumar Saini , Marcus Liwicki

Large language models, comprising billions of parameters and pre-trained on extensive web-scale corpora, have been claimed to acquire certain capabilities without having been specifically trained on them. These capabilities, referred to as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Sheng Lu , Irina Bigoulaeva , Rachneet Sachdeva , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Iryna Gurevych

It is commonly believed that scaling language models should commit a significant space or time cost, by increasing the parameters (parameter scaling) or output tokens (inference-time scaling). We introduce the third and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Mouxiang Chen , Binyuan Hui , Zeyu Cui , Jiaxi Yang , Dayiheng Liu , Jianling Sun , Junyang Lin , Zhongxin Liu

Efficient time series forecasting has become critical for real-world applications, particularly with deep neural networks (DNNs). Efficiency in DNNs can be achieved through sparse connectivity and reducing the model size. However, finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zahra Atashgahi , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Raymond Veldhuis , Decebal Constantin Mocanu

A fundamental task for artificial intelligence is learning. Deep Neural Networks have proven to cope perfectly with all learning paradigms, i.e. supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Nevertheless, traditional deep learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Decebal Constantin Mocanu , Elena Mocanu , Tiago Pinto , Selima Curci , Phuong H. Nguyen , Madeleine Gibescu , Damien Ernst , Zita A. Vale

Deep neural networks trained end-to-end to map a measurement of a (noisy) image to a clean image perform excellent for a variety of linear inverse problems. Current methods are only trained on a few hundreds or thousands of images as…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-24 Tobit Klug , Reinhard Heckel

In recent years we see a rapidly growing line of research which shows learnability of various models via common neural network algorithms. Yet, besides a very few outliers, these results show learnability of models that can be learned using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-06 Amit Daniely , Eran Malach

Currently the only techniques for sharing governance of a deep learning model are homomorphic encryption and secure multiparty computation. Unfortunately, neither of these techniques is applicable to the training of large neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-17 Miljan Martic , Jan Leike , Andrew Trask , Matteo Hessel , Shane Legg , Pushmeet Kohli

How many parameters are required for a model to execute a given task? It has been argued that large language models, pre-trained via self-supervised learning, exhibit emergent capabilities such as multi-step reasoning as their number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Ingvar Ziemann , Nikolai Matni , George J. Pappas

While scaling laws optimize training configurations for large language models (LLMs) through experiments on smaller or early-stage models, they fail to predict emergent abilities due to the absence of such capabilities in these models. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Bo-Wen Zhang , Yan Yan , Boxiang Yang , Yifei Xue , Guang Liu

Recent empirical studies show three phenomena with increasing size of language models: compute-optimal size scaling, emergent capabilities, and performance plateauing. We present a simple unified mathematical framework to explain all of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Anuj K. Nayak , Lav R. Varshney

We propose a simple mechanism by which scaling laws emerge from feature learning in multi-layer networks. We study a high-dimensional hierarchical target that is a globally high-degree function, but that can be represented by a combination…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Arie Wortsman-Zurich , Hugo Tabanelli , Yatin Dandi , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro

Deep learning has received much attention lately due to the impressive empirical performance achieved by training algorithms. Consequently, a need for a better theoretical understanding of these problems has become more evident in recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Daniel Bienstock , Gonzalo Muñoz , Sebastian Pokutta

We study the performance of transformers as a function of the number of repetitions of training examples with algorithmically generated datasets. On three problems of mathematics: the greatest common divisor, modular multiplication, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 François Charton , Julia Kempe