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COVID-19 has driven most schools to remote learning through online meeting software such as Zoom and Google Meet. Although this trend helps students continue learning without in-person classes, it removes a vital tool that teachers use to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Daben Kyle Liu

Understanding the interaction of neural and cardiac systems during cognitive activity is critical to advancing physiological computing. Although EEG has been the gold standard for assessing mental workload, its limited portability restricts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Akshay Sasi , Malavika Pradeep , Nusaibah Farrukh , Rahul Venugopal , Elizabeth Sherly

Cognitive load assessment is crucial for understanding human performance in various domains. This study investigates the impact of different task conditions and time constraints on cognitive load using multiple measures, including…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Arash Abbasi Larki , Akram Shojaei , Mehdi Delrobaei

The quantification of emotional states is an important step to understanding wellbeing. Time series data from multiple modalities such as physiological and motion sensor data have proven to be integral for measuring and quantifying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Kieran Woodward , Eiman Kanjo , Athanasios Tsanas

The operating room (OR) is a dynamic and complex environment consisting of a multidisciplinary team working together in a high take environment to provide safe and efficient patient care. Additionally, surgeons are frequently exposed to…

This study employs cutting-edge wearable monitoring technology to conduct high-precision, high-temporal-resolution (1-second interval) cognitive load assessment on electroencephalogram (EEG) data from the FP1 channel and heart rate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Ling He , Yanxin Chen , Wenqi Wang , Shuting He , Xiaoqiang Hu

Mental stress has become a pervasive factor affecting cognitive health and overall well-being, necessitating the development of robust, non-invasive diagnostic tools. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide a direct window into neural…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Md Mynoddin , Troyee Dev , Rishita Chakma

We examine if EEG-based cognitive load (CL) estimation is generalizable across the character, spatial pattern, bar graph and pie chart-based visualizations for the nback~task. CL is estimated via two recent approaches: (a) Deep…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Viral Parekh , Maneesh Bilalpur , Sharavan Kumar , Stefan Winkler , C V Jawahar , Ramanathan Subramanian

Classifying human cognitive states from behavioral and physiological signals is a challenging problem with important applications in robotics. The problem is challenging due to the data variability among individual users, and sensor…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Ruohan Wang , Pierluigi V. Amadori , Yiannis Demiris

The incorporation of neuroimaging techniques such as electroenchephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has provided new opportunities for the analysis of dynamic brain processes involved in cognitive and motor…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-25 Zaineb Ajra , Grégoire Vergotte , Stéphane Perrey , Lilian Evra , Simon Pla , Gérard Dray , Jacky Montmain , Binbin Xu

Although cognitive engagement (CE) is crucial for motor learning, it remains underutilized in rehabilitation robots, partly because its assessment currently relies on subjective and gross measurements taken intermittently. Here, we propose…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Neelesh Kumar , Konstantinos P. Michmizos

We propose \textbf{Cognitive Load Traces} (CLTs) as a mid-level interpretability framework for deep models, inspired by Cognitive Load Theory in human cognition. CLTs are defined as symbolic, temporally varying functions that quantify…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dong Liu , Yanxuan Yu

In human interactions, emotion recognition is crucial. For this reason, the topic of computer-vision approaches for automatic emotion recognition is currently being extensively researched. Processing multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Joshua Bègue , Mohamed Aymen Labiod , Abdelhamid Melloulk

Deep learning models perform best with abundant, high-quality labels, yet such conditions are rarely achievable in EEG-based emotion recognition. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are easily corrupted by artifacts and individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Hyo-Jeong Jang , Hye-Bin Shin , Kang Yin

Cognitive load, the mental effort required during working memory, is central to neuroscience, psychology, and human-computer interaction. Accurate assessment is vital for adaptive learning, clinical monitoring, and brain-computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Nusaibah Farrukh , Malavika Pradeep , Akshay Sasi , Rahul Venugopal , Elizabeth Sherly

The detection of pilots' mental states is important due to the potential for their abnormal mental states to result in catastrophic accidents. This study introduces the feasibility of employing deep learning techniques to classify different…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Dae-Hyeok Lee , Sung-Jin Kim , Si-Hyun Kim , Seong-Whan Lee

In this study we show that a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model is able to accuratelydiscriminate between 4 different phases of neurological status in a non-Electroencephalogram(EEG) dataset recorded in an experiment in which subjects…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-06 Mehrad Jaloli , Divya Choudhary , Marzia Cescon

This article summarizes a systematic review of the electroencephalography (EEG)-based cognitive workload (CWL) estimation. The focus of the article is twofold: identify the disparate experimental paradigms used for reliably eliciting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Vishnu KN , Cota Navin Gupta

Accurately monitoring cognitive load in real time is critical for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) that adapt to user engagement and support personalized learning. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive, cost-effective modality…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Deeksha M. Shama , Dimitra Emmanouilidou , Ivan J. Tashev

Clinical electroencephalography is routinely used to evaluate patients with diverse and often overlapping neurological conditions, yet interpretation remains manual, time-intensive, and variable across experts. While automated EEG analysis…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Argha Kamal Samanta , Deepak Mewada , Monalisa Sarma , Debasis Samanta