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Pre-trained language models have been shown to encode linguistic structures, e.g. dependency and constituency parse trees, in their embeddings while being trained on unsupervised loss functions like masked language modeling. Some doubts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Haoyu Zhao , Abhishek Panigrahi , Rong Ge , Sanjeev Arora

While large language models like BERT demonstrate strong empirical performance on semantic tasks, whether this reflects true conceptual competence or surface-level statistical association remains unclear. I investigate whether BERT encodes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Cole Gawin

Transformer models, which leverage architectural improvements like self-attention, perform remarkably well on Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. The self-attention mechanism is position agnostic. In order to capture positional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Zhiheng Huang , Davis Liang , Peng Xu , Bing Xiang

We present iBERT (interpretable-BERT), an encoder to produce inherently interpretable and controllable embeddings - designed to modularize and expose the discriminative cues present in language, such as semantic or stylistic structure. Each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Vishal Anand , Milad Alshomary , Kathleen McKeown

Pretrained language models (LMs) are prone to arithmetic errors. Existing work showed limited success in probing numeric values from models' representations, indicating that these errors can be attributed to the inherent unreliability of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Marek Kadlčík , Michal Štefánik , Timothee Mickus , Michal Spiegel , Josef Kuchař

This work describes experiments which probe the hidden representations of several BERT-style models for morphological content. The goal is to examine the extent to which discrete linguistic structure, in the form of morphological features…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Daniel Edmiston

Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) reach state-of-the-art results in a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, understanding of their internal functioning is still insufficient and unsatisfactory.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Betty van Aken , Benjamin Winter , Alexander Löser , Felix A. Gers

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed a transformative leap with the advent of transformer-based architectures, which have significantly enhanced the ability of machines to understand and generate human-like text. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Tianhao Wu , Yu Wang , Ngoc Quach

How language models process complex input that requires multiple steps of inference is not well understood. Previous research has shown that information about intermediate values of these inputs can be extracted from the activations of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Yuta Matsumoto , Benjamin Heinzerling , Masashi Yoshikawa , Kentaro Inui

Many NLP applications, such as biomedical data and technical support, have 10-100 million tokens of in-domain data and limited computational resources for learning from it. How should we train a language model in this scenario? Most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Charles Welch , Rada Mihalcea , Jonathan K. Kummerfeld

Numbers are essential components of text, like any other word tokens, from which natural language processing (NLP) models are built and deployed. Though numbers are typically not accounted for distinctly in most NLP tasks, there is still an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Dhanasekar Sundararaman , Vivek Subramanian , Guoyin Wang , Liyan Xu , Lawrence Carin

Despite the well-developed cut-edge representation learning for language, most language representation models usually focus on specific level of linguistic unit, which cause great inconvenience when being confronted with handling multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Yian Li , Hai Zhao

Active learning has been shown to be an effective way to alleviate some of the effort required in utilising large collections of unlabelled data for machine learning tasks without needing to fully label them. The representation mechanism…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Jinghui Lu , Brian MacNamee

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive competence in various tasks, but their internal mechanisms on mathematical problems are still under-explored. In this paper, we study a fundamental question: how language models encode…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Fangwei Zhu , Damai Dai , Zhifang Sui

We investigate the mechanisms that arise when transformers are trained to solve arithmetic on sequences where tokens are variables whose meaning is determined only through their interactions in-context. While prior work has studied…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Eric Todd , Jannik Brinkmann , Rohit Gandikota , David Bau

Transformer architectures are the backbone of most modern language models, but understanding the inner workings of these models still largely remains an open problem. One way that research in the past has tackled this problem is by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Utkarsh Tiwari , Aviral Gupta , Michael Hahn

This study investigates the internal representations of verb-particle combinations within transformer-based large language models (LLMs), specifically examining how these models capture lexical and syntactic nuances at different neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Hassane Kissane , Achim Schilling , Patrick Krauss

The transformer-based pre-trained language models have been tremendously successful in most of the conventional NLP tasks. But they often struggle in those tasks where numerical understanding is required. Some possible reasons can be the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Kuntal Kumar Pal , Chitta Baral

Embedding text sequences is a widespread requirement in modern language understanding. Existing approaches focus largely on constant-size representations. This is problematic, as the amount of information contained in text often varies with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Guanghui Qin , Benjamin Van Durme

Pre-trained language models such as BERT have exhibited remarkable performances in many tasks in natural language understanding (NLU). The tokens in the models are usually fine-grained in the sense that for languages like English they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Xinsong Zhang , Pengshuai Li , Hang Li