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We propose a novel framework for conducting causal inference based on counterfactual densities. While the current paradigm of causal inference is mostly focused on estimating average treatment effects (ATEs), which restricts the analysis to…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-27 Georg Keilbar , Sonja Greven

The capability of a given channel to communicate information is, a priori, distinct from its capability to distribute shared randomness. In this article we define randomness distribution capacities of quantum channels assisted by forward,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-22 Raul Garcia-Patron , William Matthews , Andreas Winter

When a photon is detected after passing through an interferometer one might wonder which path it took, and a meaningful answer can only be given if one has the means of monitoring the photon's whereabouts. We report the realization of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-09 Yink Loong Len , Jibo Dai , Berthold-Georg Englert , Leonid A. Krivitsky

The reduction paradigm of quantum interferometry is reanalyzed. In contrast to widespread opinion it is shown to be amenable to straightforward mathematical treatment within ``every-users'' simple-minded single particle quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Markus Simonius

The Counterfactual package implements the estimation and inference methods of Chernozhukov, Fern\'andez-Val and Melly (2013) for counterfactual analysis. The counterfactual distributions considered are the result of changing either the…

Computation · Statistics 2017-11-02 Mingli Chen , Victor Chernozhukov , Iván Fernández-Val , Blaise Melly

A quantum system can behave as a wave or as a particle, depending on the experimental arrangement. When for example measuring a photon using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, the photon acts as a wave if the second beam-splitter is inserted,…

Quantum mechanics introduces the possibility for particles to move in a direction opposite to their momentum -- a counter-intuitive and classically impossible phenomenon known as quantum backflow. The magnitude of this effect is relatively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Maximilien Barbier , Arseni Goussev

An interferometer in which all of its components are treated as quantum bodies is examined with the standard interpretation and with a model in which its uncoupled spatially separated components act collectively. These models utilize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 F. V. Kowalski

Wave-particle duality has become one of the flagships of quantum mechanics. This counter-intuitive concept is highlighted in a delayed choice experiment, where the experimental setup that reveals either the particle or wave nature of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-16 Rafael Chaves , Gabriela Barreto Lemos , Jacques Pienaar

Quantum teleportation circumvents the uncertainty principle using dual channels: a quantum one consisting of previously-shared entanglement, and a classical one, together allowing the disembodied transport of an unknown quantum state over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-14 Hatim Salih

This study evaluates the effect of counterfactual explanations on the interpretation of chest X-rays. We conduct a reader study with two radiologists assessing 240 chest X-ray predictions to rate their confidence that the model's prediction…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-04 Joseph Paul Cohen , Rupert Brooks , Sovann En , Evan Zucker , Anuj Pareek , Matthew Lungren , Akshay Chaudhari

Quantum information theory predicts that when the transmission resource is doubled in quantum channels, the amount of information transmitted can be increased more than twice by quantum channel coding technique, whereas the increase is at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 M. Takeoka , M. Fujiwara , J. Mizuno , M. Sasaki

Quantum entanglement is the quintessence of quantum information processing mostly limited to the microscopic regime governed by Heisenberg uncertainty principle. For practical applications, however, macroscopic entanglement gives great…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-24 Byoung S. Ham

Counterfactual quantum key distribution protocols allow two sides to establish a common secret key using an insecure channel and authenticated public communication. As opposed to many other quantum key distribution protocols, part of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-16 Carlos Navas Merlo , Juan Carlos Garcia-Escartin

Weak measurements may result in extra quantity of quantumness of correlations compared with standard projective measurement on a bipartite quantum state. We show that the quantumness of correlations by weak measurements can be consumed for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-18 Lin-Ping Huai , Bo Li , Shi-Xian Qu , Heng Fan

Counterfactual quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two parties to share a secret key using an interaction-free measurement. Here, we point out that the efficiency of counterfactual QKD protocols can be enhanced by including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Vinod N. Rao , R. Srikanth

We address the open question of counterfactual identification for high-dimensional multivariate outcomes from observational data. Pearl (2000) argues that counterfactuals must be identifiable (i.e., recoverable from the observed data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Ainkaran Santhirasekaram , Ben Glocker

Counterfactual communication protocols are analysed using three approaches: a classical argument, the weak trace criterion, and the Fisher information criterion. It is argued that the classical analysis leads to contradiction and should…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-04 Alon Wander , Eliahu Cohen , Lev Vaidman

Some symmetries can be broken in the quantization process (anomalies) and this breaking is signalled by a non-invariance of the quantum path integral measure. In this talk we show that it is possible to formulate also classical field…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 D. Mauro

Multiphoton interference is crucial to many photonic quantum technologies. In particular, interference forms the basis of optical quantum information processing platforms and can lead to significant computational advantages. It is therefore…