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Variational quantum algorithms are of special importance in the research on quantum computing applications because of their applicability to current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. The main building blocks of these…

Many current and near-future applications of quantum computing utilise parametric families of quantum circuits and variational methods to find optimal values for these parameters. Solving a quantum computational problem with such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Tobias Hartung , Karl Jansen

Variational quantum algorithms and, in particular, variants of the varational quantum eigensolver have been proposed to address combinatorial optimization (CO) problems. Using only shallow ansatz circuits, these approaches are deemed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Tim Schwägerl , Yahui Chai , Tobias Hartung , Karl Jansen , Stefan Kühn

Combinatorial optimization is considered a promising class of problems in which quantum computers can show significant advantages. However, problems of practical relevance typically have more variables than current or foreseeable quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Mathias Schmid , Naeimeh Mohseni , Michael J. Hartmann

Obtaining exact solutions to combinatorial optimization problems using classical computing is computationally expensive. The current tenet in the field is that quantum computers can address these problems more efficiently. While promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Xiaoyang Wang , Yahui Chai , Xu Feng , Yibin Guo , Karl Jansen , Cenk Tüysüz

We propose a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to compute approximate solutions of binary combinatorial problems. We employ a shallow-depth quantum circuit to implement a unitary and Hermitian operator that block-encodes the weighted…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Natacha Kuete Meli , Florian Mannel , Jan Lellmann

Quantum simulation of chemical systems is one of the most promising near-term applications of quantum computers. The variational quantum eigensolver, a leading algorithm for molecular simulations on quantum hardware, has a serious…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-16 Harper R. Grimsley , Sophia E. Economou , Edwin Barnes , Nicholas J. Mayhall

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid variational quantum-classical algorithm that solves combinatorial optimization problems. While there is evidence suggesting that the fixed form of the standard QAOA ansatz is…

Recent technological developments have focused the interest of the quantum computing community on investigating how near-term devices could outperform classical computers for practical applications. A central question that remains open is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-24 Daniel Stilck Franca , Raul Garcia-Patron

Variational quantum algorithms offer fascinating prospects for the solution of combinatorial optimization problems using digital quantum computers. However, the achievable performance in such algorithms and the role of quantum correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-10 Gopal Chandra Santra , Fred Jendrzejewski , Philipp Hauke , Daniel J. Egger

To date, research in quantum computation promises potential for outperforming classical heuristics in combinatorial optimization. However, when aiming at provable optimality, one has to rely on classical exact methods like integer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Friedrich Wagner , Jonas Nüßlein , Frauke Liers

Optimizing the mRNA codon has an essential impact on gene expression for a specific target protein. It is an NP-hard problem; thus, exact solutions to such optimization problems become computationally intractable for realistic problem sizes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-13 Hongfeng Zhang , Aritra Sarkar , Koen Bertels

This paper introduces a non-variational quantum algorithm designed to solve a wide range of combinatorial optimisation problems, including constrained and non-binary problems. The algorithm leverages an engineered interference process…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-02 Tavis Bennett , Lyle Noakes , Jingbo Wang

Quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is one of the popular quantum algorithms that are used to solve combinatorial optimization problems via approximations. QAOA is able to be evaluated on both physical and virtual quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 Yu-Cheng Lin , Chuan-Chi Wang , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

Implementing variational quantum algorithms with noisy intermediate-scale quantum machines of up to a hundred qubits is nowadays considered as one of the most promising routes towards achieving a quantum practical advantage. In multiqubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 Andrey Kardashin , Anastasiia Pervishko , Jacob Biamonte , Dmitry Yudin

Here we explore which heuristic quantum algorithms for combinatorial optimization might be most practical to try out on a small fault-tolerant quantum computer. We compile circuits for several variants of quantum accelerated simulated…

We introduce a quantum algorithm that produces approximate solutions for combinatorial optimization problems. The algorithm depends on a positive integer p and the quality of the approximation improves as p is increased. The quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-17 Edward Farhi , Jeffrey Goldstone , Sam Gutmann

Combinatorial problems are formulated to find optimal designs within a fixed set of constraints. They are commonly found across diverse engineering and scientific domains. Understanding how to best use quantum computers for combinatorial…

While variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have demonstrated considerable success in unconstrained optimization, their application to constrained combinatorial problems face a trade-off. Penalty-based methods, despite their circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Hui-Min Li , Yuan-Liang Han , Zhi-Xi Wang , Shao-Ming Fei

Can near-term gate model based quantum processors offer quantum advantage for practical applications in the pre-fault tolerance noise regime? A class of algorithms which have shown some promise in this regard are the so-called…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Guillaume Verdon , Michael Broughton , Jacob Biamonte