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Indoor Positioning System (IPS) is a crucial technology that enables medical staff and hospital managements to accurately locate and track persons or assets inside the medical buildings. Among other technologies, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-24 Silvano Cortesi , Marc Dreher , Michele Magno

Deep learning has started to revolutionize several different industries, and the applications of these methods in medicine are now becoming more commonplace. This study focuses on investigating the feasibility of tracking patients and…

An ultrasonic Positioning System (UPS) has outperformed RF-based systems in terms of its accuracy for years. However, few of the developed solutions have been deployed in practice to satisfy the localization demand of today's smart devices,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Qiongzheng Lin , Zhenlin An , Lei Yang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology, operating within the widely used 2.4 GHz ISM band, stands as a cornerstone in modern wireless communication frameworks alongside its classic Bluetooth counterpart. This paper delves into the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Zhe Wang

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the key enablers for low-power and low-cost applications in consumer electronics and the Internet of Things. The latest features such as audio and direction finding will introduce more and more devices…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Julian Karoliny , Thomas Blazek , Andreas Springer , Hans-Peter Bernhard

Previous contact tracing systems required the users to perform many manual actions, such as installing smartphone applications, joining wireless networks, or carrying custom user devices. This increases the barrier to entry and lowers the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-07 Brosnan Yuen , Yifeng Bie , Duncan Cairns , Geoffrey Harper , Jason Xu , Charles Chang , Xiaodai Dong , Tao Lu

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Mesh is widely recognized as a driver technology for IoT applications. However, the lack of quality of service (QoS) in BLE Mesh, represented by packet prioritization, significantly limits its potential. This work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Jimmy Fernandez Landivar , Pieter Crombez , Sofie Pollin , Hazem Sallouha

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has been widely adopted in wearable devices; however, it has not been widely used in ingestible electronics, primarily due to concerns regarding severe tissue attenuation at the 2.4 GHz band. In this work, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-28 Ziyao Zhou , Zhuoran Sun , Xinyi Shen , Yang Li , Zhenhao Shi , Yixuan Yu , Hen-Wei Huang

This paper provides a robust, scalable Bluetooth Low-Energy (BLE) based indoor localization solution using commodity hardware. While WiFi-based indoor localization has been widely studied, BLE has emerged a key technology for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Subham De , Deepak Vasisht , Hari Sundaram , Robin Kravets

In a multiuser context, the Bluetooth data from the smartphone could give an approximation of the distance between users. Meanwhile, the Wi-Fi data can be used to calculate the user's position directly. However, both the Wi-Fi-based…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-07-17 Viet-Cuong Ta , Trung-Kien Dao , Dominique Vaufreydaz , Eric Castelli

An indoor, real-time location system (RTLS) can benefit both hospitals and patients by improving clinical efficiency through data-driven optimization of procedures. Bluetooth-based RTLS systems are cost-effective but lack accuracy and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-09 Guanglin Tang , Yulong Yan , Chenyang Shen , Xun Jia , Meyer Zinn , Zipalkumar Trivedi , Alicia Yingling , Kenneth Westover , Steve Jiang

Asset tracking solutions have proven their significance in industrial contexts, as evidenced by their successful commercialization (e.g., Hilti On!Track). However, a seamless solution for matching assets with their users, such as operators…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-19 Silvano Cortesi , Michele Crabolu , Prodromos-Vasileios Mekikis , Giovanni Bellusci , Christian Vogt , Michele Magno

This paper presents a nonlinear location estimation to infer the position of a user holding a smartphone. We consider a large location with $M$ number of grid points, each grid point is labeled with a unique fingerprint consisting of the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Pai Chet Ng , Petros Spachos , James She , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis

The Internet of Things helps to have every individual interconnected with their surroundings and to interact with them through smart devices. In recent years, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology has become very popular in smart…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Petros Spachos , Konstantinos Plataniotis

Detecting the presence of persons and estimating their quantity in an indoor environment has grown in importance recently. For example, the information if a room is unoccupied can be used for automatically switching off the light, air…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-18 Florenc Demrozi , Cristian Turetta , Fabio Chiarani , Philipp H. Kindt , Graziano Pravadelli

The Internet of Things (IoT) can enable smart infrastructures to provide advanced services to the users. New technological advancement can improve our everyday life, even simple tasks as a visit to the museum. In this paper, an indoor…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Petros Spachos , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis

We introduce a novel technique and an associated high resolution dataset that aims to precisely evaluate wireless signal based indoor positioning algorithms. The technique implements an augmented reality (AR) based positioning system that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 F. Serhan Daniş , A. Teoman Naskali , A. Taylan Cemgil , Cem Ersoy

Indoor localization remains challenging in GNSS-denied environments due to multipath, device heterogeneity, and volatile radio conditions. We propose a topology-aware, hybrid Wi-Fi/BLE fingerprinting framework that (i) applies physically…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Behrad Mousaei Shir-Mohammad , Behzad Moshiri , Abolfazl Yaghmaei

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely used in modern IoT systems because it consumes very little power, saves energy, and allows for simple device connectivity; however, maintaining security and communication reliability remains a challenge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Nitesh Yadav , Vashisht Kumar , Sachin Kadam

Due to the COVID 19 pandemic, smartphone-based proximity tracing systems became of utmost interest. Many of these systems use BLE signals to estimate the distance between two persons. The quality of this method depends on many factors and,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Eric Lanfer , Thomas Hänel , Roland van Rijswijk-Deij , Nils Aschenbruck