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Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-08 Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie-Beni , Igor Aleiner , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Nikita Astrakhantsev , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Dave Bacon , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Johannes Bausch , Andreas Bengtsson , Alexander Bilmes , Sam Blackwell , Sergio Boixo , Gina Bortoli , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Yu Chen , Zijun Chen , Ben Chiaro , Desmond Chik , Charina Chou , Jahan Claes , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Alex Davies , Laura De Lorenzo , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Michel Devoret , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Clint Earle , Thomas Edlich , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Lara Faoro , Edward Farhi , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Steve Habegger , John Hall , Michael C. Hamilton , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Francisco J. H. Heras , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Oscar Higgott , Gordon Hill , Jeremy Hilton , George Holland , Sabrina Hong , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Lev B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Stephen Jordan , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Dvir Kafri , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Julian Kelly , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Andrey R. Klots , Bryce Kobrin , Pushmeet Kohli , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , Robin Kothari , Borislav Kozlovskii , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , Nathan Lacroix , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Loïck Le Guevel , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Yuri D. Lensky , Shannon Leon , Brian J. Lester , Wing Yan Li , Yin Li , Alexander T. Lill , Wayne Liu , William P. Livingston , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Sid Madhuk , Fionn D. Malone , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrá , Leigh S. Martin , Steven Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Matt McEwen , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Amanda Mieszala , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Ramis Movassagh , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Hartmut Neven , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Thomas E. O'Brien , William D. Oliver , Alex Opremcak , Kristoffer Ottosson , Andre Petukhov , Alex Pizzuto , John Platt , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Leonid P. Pryadko , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , David M. Rhodes , Gabrielle Roberts , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Negar Saei , Daniel Sank , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Kevin J. Satzinger , Henry F. Schurkus , Christopher Schuster , Andrew W. Senior , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Shraddha Singh , Volodymyr Sivak , Jindra Skruzny , Spencer Small , Vadim Smelyanskiy , W. Clarke Smith , Rolando D. Somma , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Doug Strain , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Benjamin Villalonga , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Kate Weber , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist

Quantum computation must be performed in a fault-tolerant manner to be realizable in practice. Recent progress has uncovered quantum error-correcting codes with sparse connectivity requirements and constant qubit overhead. Existing schemes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Dominic J. Williamson , Theodore J. Yoder

Quantum states have high affinity for errors and hence error correction is of utmost importance to realise a quantum computer. Laflamme showed that 5 qubits are necessary to correct a single error on a qubit. In a Pauli error model, four…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-12 Ritajit Majumdar , Susmita Sur-Kolay

To realize fault-tolerant quantum computing, it is necessary to store quantum information in logical qubits with error correction functions, realized by distributing a logical state among multiple physical qubits or by encoding it in the…

Quantum error correction (QEC) codes are necessary to fault-tolerantly operate quantum computers. However, every such code is inherently limited by its inability to detect logical errors. Here, we propose and implement a method that…

Quantum error correction is essential for bridging the gap between the error rates of physical devices and the extremely low logical error rates required for quantum algorithms. Recent error-correction demonstrations on superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Nathan Lacroix , Alexandre Bourassa , Francisco J. H. Heras , Lei M. Zhang , Johannes Bausch , Andrew W. Senior , Thomas Edlich , Noah Shutty , Volodymyr Sivak , Andreas Bengtsson , Matt McEwen , Oscar Higgott , Dvir Kafri , Jahan Claes , Alexis Morvan , Zijun Chen , Adam Zalcman , Sid Madhuk , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Sam Blackwell , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Sabrina Hong , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Yin Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Y. Niu , Logan Oas , William D. Oliver , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Gabrielle Roberts , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Elizabeth Rossi , Pedram Roushan , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Hartmut Neven , Pushmeet Kohli , Alex Davies , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Cody Jones , Craig Gidney , Kevin J. Satzinger

A successful quantum error correction protocol would allow quantum computers to run algorithms without suffering from the effects of noise. However, fully fault-tolerant quantum error correction is too resource intensive for existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-29 Chris N. Self , Marcello Benedetti , David Amaro

The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors that are inherently continuous A powerful method to suppress these effects is to use quantum error correction. Typically,…

When storing encoded qubits, if single faults can be corrected and double faults postselected against, logical errors only occur due to at least three faults. At current noise rates, having to restart when two errors are detected prevents…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-15 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

The surface code is a powerful quantum error correcting code that can be defined on a 2-D square lattice of qubits with only nearest neighbor interactions. Syndrome and data qubits form a checkerboard pattern. Information about errors is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-24 Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

A scalable and programmable quantum computer holds the potential to solve computationally intensive tasks that classical computers cannot accomplish within a reasonable time frame, achieving quantum advantage. However, the vulnerability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-04 Younghun Kim , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

The usual scenario in fault tolerant quantum computation involves certain amount of qubits encoded in each code block, transversal operations between them and destructive measurements of ancillary code blocks. We introduce a new approach in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 H. Bombin , M. A. Martin-Delgado

The stable operation of quantum computers will rely on error-correction, in which single quantum bits of information are stored redundantly in the Hilbert space of a larger system. Such encoded qubits are commonly based on arrays of many…

Achieving industrial quantum advantage is unlikely without the use of quantum error correction (QEC). Other QEC codes beyond surface code are being experimentally studied, such as color codes and quantum Low-Density Parity Check (qLDPC)…

We introduce a flexible and graphically intuitive framework that constructs complex quantum error correction codes from simple codes or states, generalizing code concatenation. More specifically, we represent the complex code constructions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 ChunJun Cao , Brad Lackey

Recent advances in quantum error correction (QEC) across hardware platforms have demonstrated operation near and beyond the fault-tolerance threshold, yet achieving exponential suppression of logical errors through code scaling remains a…

Current quantum technology is approaching the system sizes and fidelities required for quantum error correction. It is therefore important to determine exactly what is needed for proof-of-principle experiments, which will be the first major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 James R. Wootton , Andreas Peter , Janos R. Winkler , Daniel Loss

Quantum computation holds the promise of solving certain complex problems exponentially faster than classical computers. However, the high prevalent noise in current quantum devices impedes the accurate execution of even basic algorithms.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Prithviraj Prabhu

We present a scheme for correcting qubit loss error while quantum computing with neutral atoms in an addressable optical lattice. The qubit loss is first detected using a quantum non-demolition measurement and then transformed into a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Jiri Vala , K. Birgitta Whaley , David S. Weiss

The strongly correlated systems we use to realise quantum error-correcting codes may give rise to high-weight, problematic errors. Encouragingly, we can expect local quantum error-correcting codes with no string-like logical operators $-$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Georgia M. Nixon , Benjamin J. Brown