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Speculative Decoding (SD) has emerged as a critical technique for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference. Unlike deterministic system optimizations, SD performance is inherently data-dependent, meaning that diverse and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Talor Abramovich , Maor Ashkenazi , Izzy Putterman , Benjamin Chislett , Tiyasa Mitra , Bita Darvish Rouhani , Ran Zilberstein , Yonatan Geifman

LLM deployment on resource-constrained edge devices faces severe latency constraints, particularly in real-time applications where delayed responses can compromise safety or usability. Among many approaches to mitigate the inefficiencies of…

Performing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) directly on mobile devices is promising for data privacy and responsiveness but is hindered by the architectural constraints of mobile NPUs. Specifically, current hardware struggles with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Zhiyang Chen , Daliang Xu , Haiyang Shen , Chiheng Lou , Mengwei Xu , Shangguang Wang , Xin Jin , Yun Ma

Large language models typically employ vocabularies of over 100k tokens, which creates a major computational bottleneck at the final linear projection layer when performing speculative decoding. Current methods for vocabulary pruning depend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhiyang Chen , Daliang Xu , Yinyuan Zhang , Chenghua Wang , Mengwei Xu , Yun Ma

Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive generation by separating token proposal from verification, but most existing approaches are designed for single-node execution and do not scale well to multi-accelerator clusters used for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-30 Junhao He , Feiran You , Hongyang Du

Modern Large Language Models achieve impressive reasoning capabilities with long Chain of Thoughts, but they incur substantial computational cost during inference, and this motivates techniques to improve the performance-cost ratio. Among…

Speculative decoding accelerates Large Language Model (LLM) inference by verifying multiple drafted tokens in parallel. However, for Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models, this parallelism introduces a severe bottleneck: large draft trees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Bradley McDanel , Steven Li , Sruthikesh Surineni , Harshit Khaitan

Modern web applications--from real-time content recommendation and dynamic pricing to CDN optimization--increasingly rely on time-series forecasting to deliver personalized experiences to billions of users. Large-scale Transformer-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Pranav Subbaraman , Fang Sun , Yue Yao , Huacong Tang , Xiao Luo , Yizhou Sun

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by using a smaller draft model to speculate tokens that a larger target model verifies. Verification is often the bottleneck (e.g. verification is $4\times$ slower than token generation when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Avinash Kumar , Sujay Sanghavi , Poulami Das

Bayesian spectral deconvolution provides a data-driven framework for mathematical model selection and parameter estimation from spectral data. Although highly versatile, it becomes computationally expensive as the number of model…

Computation · Statistics 2026-04-07 Tomohiro Nabika , Yui Hayashi , Masato Okada

Autoregressive language models suffer from high inference latency due to their sequential decoding nature. Speculative decoding (SD) mitigates this by employing a lightweight draft model to propose candidate tokens, which are selectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yijun Lin , Jinhao Sheng , Qingyue Cai , Feng Zhou

Speculative decoding has been shown as an effective way to accelerate Large Language Model (LLM) inference by using a Small Speculative Model (SSM) to generate candidate tokens in a so-called speculation phase, which are subsequently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Fahao Chen , Peng Li , Tom H. Luan , Zhou Su , Jing Deng

Transformer-based models have made tremendous impacts in natural language generation. However the inference speed is a bottleneck due to large model size and intensive computing involved in auto-regressive decoding process. We develop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Yu Yan , Fei Hu , Jiusheng Chen , Nikhil Bhendawade , Ting Ye , Yeyun Gong , Nan Duan , Desheng Cui , Bingyu Chi , Ruofei Zhang

Speculative Decoding has emerged as a popular technique for accelerating inference in Large Language Models. However, most existing approaches yield only modest improvements in production serving systems. Methods that achieve substantial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Michele Marzollo , Jiawei Zhuang , Niklas Roemer , Niklas Zwingenberger , Lorenz K. Müller , Lukas Cavigelli

Large language models have been widely adopted across different tasks, but their auto-regressive generation nature often leads to inefficient resource utilization during inference. While batching is commonly used to increase throughput,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Pol G. Recasens , Ferran Agullo , Yue Zhu , Chen Wang , Eun Kyung Lee , Olivier Tardieu , Jordi Torres , Josep Ll. Berral

The practice of speculative decoding, whereby inference is probabilistically supported by a smaller, cheaper, ``drafter'' model, has become a standard technique for systematically reducing the decoding time of large language models. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Jameson Sandler , Ahmet Üstün , Marco Romanelli , Sara Hooker , Ferdinando Fioretto

Striking an optimal balance between minimal drafting latency and high speculation accuracy to enhance the inference speed of Large Language Models remains a significant challenge in speculative decoding. In this paper, we introduce Falcon,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Xiangxiang Gao , Weisheng Xie , Yiwei Xiang , Feng Ji

Recent advancements in Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have significantly increased their parameter scale as well as model performance. Extensive offloading techniques have been proposed to address the GPU memory limitations of MoE…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zhibin Wang , Zhonghui Zhang , Yuhang Zhou , Zibo Wang , Mo Zhou , Peng Jiang , Weilin Cai , Chengying Huan , Rong Gu , Sheng Zhong , Chen Tian

Speculative decoding is widely used in accelerating large language model (LLM) inference. In this work, we focus on the online draft model selection problem in speculative decoding. We design an algorithm that provably competes with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Hongyi Liu , Jiaji Huang , Zhen Jia , Youngsuk Park , Yu-Xiang Wang

Continuous visual autoregressive (AR) models have demonstrated promising performance in image generation. However, the heavy autoregressive inference burden imposes significant overhead. In Large Language Models (LLMs), speculative decoding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zili Wang , Robert Zhang , Kun Ding , Qi Yang , Fei Li , Shiming Xiang
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