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Recent advances in large language models (LLMs), make it potentially feasible to automatically refactor source code with LLMs. However, it remains unclear how well LLMs perform compared to human experts in conducting refactorings…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Bo Liu , Yanjie Jiang , Yuxia Zhang , Nan Niu , Guangjie Li , Hui Liu

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT (i.e., gpt-3.5-turbo and gpt-4) exhibited remarkable advancement in a range of software engineering tasks associated with source code such as code review and code generation. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Michael Fu , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Van Nguyen , Trung Le

Generative AI technology based on Large Language Models (LLM) has been developed and applied to assist or automatically generate program codes. In this paper, we evaluate the capability of existing general LLMs for Basic Linear Algebra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Daichi Mukunoki , Shun-ichiro Hayashi , Tetsuya Hoshino , Takahiro Katagiri

Auto-completing code enables developers to speed up coding significantly. Recent advances in transformer-based large language model (LLM) technologies have been applied to code synthesis. However, studies show that many of such synthesized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-09 André Storhaug , Jingyue Li , Tianyuan Hu

General purpose Large Language Models (LLM) such as the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) and Large Language Model Meta AI (LLaMA) have attracted much attention in recent years. There is strong evidence that these models can perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Hossein Salami , Brandye Smith-Goettler , Vijay Yadav

The adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation risks incorporating vulnerable code into software systems. Existing detectors face two critical limitations: a lack of systematic cross-model validation and opaque "black box"…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Musfiqur Rahman , SayedHassan Khatoonabadi , Ahmad Abdellatif , Emad Shihab

Code metamorphism refers to a computer programming exercise wherein the program modifies its own code (partial or entire) consistently and automatically while retaining its core functionality. This technique is often used for online…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Pooria Madani

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) models such as OpenAI's ChatGPT have the potential to revolutionize Statistical Process Control (SPC) practice, learning, and research. However, these tools are in the early stages of development and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Fadel M. Megahed , Ying-Ju Chen , Joshua A. Ferris , Sven Knoth , L. Allison Jones-Farmer

The wide deployment of the generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) has raised privacy concerns for both clients and servers. While cryptographic primitives can be employed for secure GPT inference to protect the privacy of both parties,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zhengyi Li , Yue Guan , Kang Yang , Yu Feng , Ning Liu , Yu Yu , Jingwen Leng , Minyi Guo

The prevalence of cryptographic API misuse (CAM) is compromising the effectiveness of cryptography and in turn the security of modern systems and applications. Despite extensive efforts to develop CAM detection tools, these tools typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yang Zhang , Wenyi Ouyang , Yi Zhang , Liang Cheng , Chen Wu , Wenxin Hu

This research introduces a novel text generation model that combines BERT's semantic interpretation strengths with GPT-4's generative capabilities, establishing a high standard in generating coherent, contextually accurate language. Through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Jiajing Chen , Shuo Wang , Zhen Qi , Zhenhong Zhang , Chihang Wang , Hongye Zheng

This study explores the limitations of traditional Cybersecurity Awareness and Training (CSAT) programs and proposes an innovative solution using Generative Pre-Trained Transformers (GPT) to address these shortcomings. Traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Nabil Al-Dhamari , Nathan Clarke

Large Language Models such as GPTs (Generative Pre-trained Transformers) exhibit remarkable capabilities across a broad spectrum of applications. Nevertheless, due to their intrinsic complexity, these models present substantial challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ashkan Golgoon , Khashayar Filom , Arjun Ravi Kannan

We systematically evaluated the performance of seven large language models in generating programming code using various prompt strategies, programming languages, and task difficulties. GPT-4 substantially outperforms other large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Wenpin Hou , Zhicheng Ji

Pre-trained transformer language models on large unlabeled corpus have produced state-of-the-art results in natural language processing, organic molecule design, and protein sequence generation. However, no such models have been applied to…

The recent success of large language models for text generation poses a severe threat to academic integrity, as plagiarists can generate realistic paraphrases indistinguishable from original work. However, the role of large autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Frederic Kirstein , Bela Gipp

Neural language representation models such as GPT, pre-trained on large-scale corpora, can effectively capture rich semantic patterns from plain text and be fine-tuned to consistently improve natural language generation performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Yixiao Yuan , Yangchen Huang , Yu Ma , Xinjin Li , Zhenglin Li , Yiming Shi , Huapeng Zhou

Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven code generation tools are increasingly used throughout the software development lifecycle to accelerate coding tasks. However, the security of AI-generated code using Large Language Models (LLMs) remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohammed Kharma , Soohyeon Choi , Mohammed AlKhanafseh , David Mohaisen

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enhanced software development processes, minimizing the time and effort required for coding and enhancing developer productivity. However, despite their potential benefits, code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Swaroop Dora , Deven Lunkad , Naziya Aslam , S. Venkatesan , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

Large-scale language models (LMs) pretrained on massive corpora of text, such as GPT-2, are powerful open-domain text generators. However, as our systematic examination reveals, it is still challenging for such models to generate coherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Bowen Tan , Zichao Yang , Maruan AI-Shedivat , Eric P. Xing , Zhiting Hu