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In this article, we explore the shallow heuristics used by transformer-based pre-trained language models (PLMs) that are fine-tuned for natural language inference (NLI). To do so, we construct or own dataset based on syllogistic, and we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Reto Gubelmann , Siegfried Handschuh

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized language understanding and human-like text generation, drawing interest from many other fields with this question in mind: What else are the LLMs capable of? Despite their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Nurullah Sevim , Mostafa Ibrahim , Sabit Ekin

With the ever-increasing complexity of neural language models, practitioners have turned to methods for understanding the predictions of these models. One of the most well-adopted approaches for model interpretability is feature-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Muhammad Bilal Zafar , Michele Donini , Dylan Slack , Cédric Archambeau , Sanjiv Das , Krishnaram Kenthapadi

Distributional semantics based on neural approaches is a cornerstone of Natural Language Processing, with surprising connections to human meaning representation as well. Recent Transformer-based Language Models have proven capable of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Daniel Loureiro , Alípio Mário Jorge , Jose Camacho-Collados

We consider phrase based Language Models (LM), which generalize the commonly used word level models. Similar concept on phrase based LMs appears in speech recognition, which is rather specialized and thus less suitable for machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-01-20 Jia Xu , Geliang Chen

While transformers have proven enormously successful in a range of tasks, their fundamental properties as models of computation are not well understood. This paper contributes to the study of the expressive capacity of transformers,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Lena Strobl , Dana Angluin , Robert Frank

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance across natural language processing tasks, yet undergo significant performance degradation when modified for deployment through quantization, pruning, or decoding strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ziyang Ma , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Gui-Song Xia , Bo Du , Liangpei Zhang , Dacheng Tao

Transformers have revolutionized machine learning with their simple yet effective architecture. Pre-training Transformers on massive text datasets from the Internet has led to unmatched generalization for natural language understanding…

Translation into morphologically-rich languages challenges neural machine translation (NMT) models with extremely sparse vocabularies where atomic treatment of surface forms is unrealistic. This problem is typically addressed by either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-28 Duygu Ataman , Wilker Aziz , Alexandra Birch

This document provides a brief introduction to the attention mechanism used in modern language models based on the Transformer architecture. We first illustrate how text is encoded as vectors and how the attention mechanism processes these…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-02 Michel Fabrice Serret

Large language models (LLMs) are the result of a massive experiment in bottom-up, data-driven reverse engineering of language at scale. Despite their utility in a number of downstream NLP tasks, ample research has shown that LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Walid S. Saba

Transformer-based language models have recently been at the forefront of active research in text generation. However, these models' advances come at the price of prohibitive training costs, with parameter counts in the billions and compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Gabriel Lindenmaier , Sean Papay , Sebastian Padó

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT demonstrated the potential to replicate human language abilities through technology, ranging from text generation to engaging in conversations. However, it remains controversial to what extent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Martin Schuele

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in metaphor interpretation across multiple datasets, tasks, and prompt configurations. Although metaphor processing has gained significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Elisa Sanchez-Bayona , Rodrigo Agerri

Transformers have proven highly effective across various applications, especially in handling sequential data such as natural languages and time series. However, transformer models often lack clear interpretability, and the success of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Wei Shi , Yuan Cao

The logical negation property (LNP), which implies generating different predictions for semantically opposite inputs, is an important property that a trustworthy language model must satisfy. However, much recent evidence shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Myeongjun Jang , Frank Mtumbuka , Thomas Lukasiewicz

We propose a novel tensor network language model based on the simplest tensor network (i.e., tensor trains), called `Tensor Train Language Model' (TTLM). TTLM represents sentences in an exponential space constructed by the tensor product of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Zhan Su , Yuqin Zhou , Fengran Mo , Jakob Grue Simonsen

Probabilistic Circuits (PCs) are deep generative models that support exact and efficient probabilistic inference. Yet in autoregressive language modeling, PCs still lag behind Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), suggesting an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Zhiyu Zhao , Xuejie Liu , Muhan Zhang , Anji Liu

Grammaticality and likelihood are distinct notions in human language. Pretrained language models (LMs), which are probabilistic models of language fitted to maximize corpus likelihood, generate grammatically well-formed text and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Yingshan Susan Wang , Linlu Qiu , Zhaofeng Wu , Roger P. Levy , Yoon Kim

Transformer-based large language models have achieved remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. However, they often struggle with seemingly easy tasks like arithmetic despite their vast capabilities. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Chen Jason Zhang , Lei Chen