Related papers: First numerical analysis of runaway electron gener…
When simulating runaway electron dynamics in tokamak disruptions, fluid models with lower numerical cost are often preferred to more accurate kinetic models. The aim of this work is to compare fluid and kinetic simulations of a large…
We present two-dimensional global simulations of mitigated and vertically unstable disruptions in ITER in the presence of runaway electrons. An elongated plasma in free-boundary equilibrium is subjected to an artificial thermal quench and…
Massive material injection has been proposed as a way to mitigate the formation of a beam of relativistic runaway electrons that may result from a disruption in tokamak plasmas. In this paper we analyse runaway generation observed in eleven…
Relativistic runaway electrons are a major concern in tokamaks. The European framework for Integrated Modelling (EU-IM), facilitates the integration of different plasma simulation tools by providing a standard data structure for…
Runaway electron modelling efforts are motivated by the risk these energetic particles pose to large fusion devices. The sophisticated kinetic models can capture most features of the runaway electron generation but have high computational…
Runaway electrons with strongly anisotropic distributions present in post-disruption tokamak plasmas can destabilize the extraordinary electron (EXEL) wave. The present work investigates the dynamics of the quasi-linear evolution of the…
The safe operation of tokamak reactors requires a reliable modeling capability of disruptions, and in particular the spatio-temporal dynamics of associated runaway electron currents. In a disruption, instabilities can break up magnetic…
This Roadmap article addresses the critical and multifaceted challenge of plasma-facing component (PFC) damage caused by runaway electrons (REs) in tokamaks, a phenomenon that poses a significant threat to the viability and longevity of…
A new physical mechanism of formation of runaway electron (RE) beams during plasma disruptions in tokamaks is proposed. The plasma disruption is caused by a strong stochastic magnetic field formed due to nonlinearly excited low-mode number…
Runaway electrons (REs) generated during disruption events in tokamaks can carry mega-Ampere level currents, potentially causing damage to plasma-facing components. Understanding RE evolution during disruption events is important for…
A new fluid model for runaway electron simulation based on fluid description is introduced and implemented in the magnetohydrodynamics code M3D-C1, which includes self-consistent interactions between plasma and runaway electrons. The model…
The effects of kinetic whistler-wave instabilities on the runaway-electron (RE) avalanche is investigated. With parameters from DIII-D experiments, we show that RE scattering from excited whistler waves can explain several poorly understood…
Experimental results on the position and current control of disruption generated runaway electrons (RE) in FTU are presented. A scanning interferometer diagnostic has been used to analyze the time evolution of the RE beam radial position…
Integrated modelling of electron runaway requires computationally expensive kinetic models that are self-consistently coupled to the evolution of the background plasma parameters. The computational expense can be reduced by using…
A runaway avalanche can result in a conversion of the initial plasma current into a relativistic electron beam in high current tokamak disruptions. We investigate the effect of massive material injection of deuterium-noble gas mixtures on…
Based on the analysis of data from the numerous dedicated experiments on plasma disruptions in the TEXTOR tokamak the mechanisms of the formation of runaway electron beams and their losses are proposed. The plasma disruption is caused by…
Runaway electron populations seeded from the hot-tail generated by the rapid cooling in plasma-terminating disruptions are a serious concern for next-step tokamak devices such as ITER. Here, we present a comprehensive treatment of the…
The runaway electron (RE) - induced damage on boron nitride (BN) tiles mounted on the inner bumpers of the WEST tokamak is modeled employing available empirical input and experimental constraints, concerning the post-mortem documentation of…
The fast volumetric deposition of multi-MeV high current runaway electron (RE) beams constitutes the most critical issue for the ITER tungsten (W) first wall (FW) longevity. Such relativistic electron beams could generate extreme volumetric…
In the event of a tokamak disruption in a D-T plasma, fusion-born alpha particles take several milliseconds longer to thermalise than the background. As the damping rates drop drastically following the several orders of magnitudes drop of…