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Existing explanation tools for image classifiers usually give only a single explanation for an image's classification. For many images, however, image classifiers accept more than one explanation for the image label. These explanations are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hana Chockler , David A. Kelly , Daniel Kroening

Explanation methods have emerged as an important tool to highlight the features responsible for the predictions of neural networks. There is mounting evidence that many explanation methods are rather unreliable and susceptible to malicious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Shriya Atmakuri , Tejas Chheda , Dinesh Kandula , Nishant Yadav , Taesung Lee , Hessel Tuinhof

Post-hoc interpretability approaches have been proven to be powerful tools to generate explanations for the predictions made by a trained black-box model. However, they create the risk of having explanations that are a result of some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Xavier Renard , Marcin Detyniecki

This tutorial covers and contrasts the two main methodologies in unbiased Learning to Rank (LTR): Counterfactual LTR and Online LTR. There has long been an interest in LTR from user interactions, however, this form of implicit feedback is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-18 Harrie Oosterhuis , Rolf Jagerman , Maarten de Rijke

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

The use of counterfactuals for considerations of algorithmic fairness and explainability is gaining prominence within the machine learning community and industry. This paper argues for more caution with the use of counterfactuals when the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Atoosa Kasirzadeh , Andrew Smart

Counterfactual explanations provide means for prescriptive model explanations by suggesting actionable feature changes (e.g., increase income) that allow individuals to achieve favorable outcomes in the future (e.g., insurance approval).…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Martin Pawelczyk , Sascha Bielawski , Johannes van den Heuvel , Tobias Richter , Gjergji Kasneci

Counterfactual explanations for black-box models aim to pr ovide insight into an algorithmic decision to its recipient. For a binary classification problem an individual counterfactual details which features might be changed for the model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 James M. Adams , Gesine Reinert , Lukasz Szpruch , Carsten Maple , Andrew Elliott

Due to the increasing use of Machine Learning models in high stakes decision making settings, it has become increasingly important to have tools to understand how models arrive at decisions. Assuming a trained Supervised Classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-20 Emilio Carrizosa , Jasone Ramírez-Ayerbe , Dolores Romero Morales

Deep learning models for learning analytics have become increasingly popular over the last few years; however, these approaches are still not widely adopted in real-world settings, likely due to a lack of trust and transparency. In this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Vinitra Swamy , Sijia Du , Mirko Marras , Tanja Käser

Counterfactual explanations are a widely used approach for examining the predictions of black-box systems. They can offer the opportunity for computational recourse by suggesting actionable changes on how to alter the input to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 André Artelt , Shubham Sharma , Freddy Lecué , Barbara Hammer

In recent years, deep learning has become prevalent to solve applications from multiple domains. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) particularly have demonstrated state of the art performance for the task of image classification. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Meghna P Ayyar , Jenny Benois-Pineau , Akka Zemmari

Both uncertainty estimation and interpretability are important factors for trustworthy machine learning systems. However, there is little work at the intersection of these two areas. We address this gap by proposing a novel method for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-19 Javier Antorán , Umang Bhatt , Tameem Adel , Adrian Weller , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

A common approach for testing fairness issues in text-based classifiers is through the use of counterfactuals: does the classifier output change if a sensitive attribute in the input is changed? Existing counterfactual generation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Zee Fryer , Vera Axelrod , Ben Packer , Alex Beutel , Jilin Chen , Kellie Webster

Misinformation emerges in times of uncertainty when credible information is limited. This is challenging for NLP-based fact-checking as it relies on counter-evidence, which may not yet be available. Despite increasing interest in automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Max Glockner , Yufang Hou , Iryna Gurevych

The adoption of increasingly complex deep models has fueled an urgent need for insight into how these models make predictions. Counterfactual explanations form a powerful tool for providing actionable explanations to practitioners.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Paraskevas Pegios , Aasa Feragen , Andreas Abildtrup Hansen , Georgios Arvanitidis

Explainable recommendation systems leverage transparent reasoning to foster user trust and improve decision-making processes. Current approaches typically decouple recommendation generation from explanation creation, violating causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Guanrong Li , Haolin Yang , Xinyu Liu , Zhen Wu , Xinyu Dai

In this paper titled A Symbolic Approach for Counterfactual Explanations we propose a novel symbolic approach to provide counterfactual explanations for a classifier predictions. Contrary to most explanation approaches where the goal is to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ryma Boumazouza , Fahima Cheikh-Alili , Bertrand Mazure , Karim Tabia

Black-box explanation is the problem of explaining how a machine learning model -- whose internal logic is hidden to the auditor and generally complex -- produces its outcomes. Current approaches for solving this problem include model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Ulrich Aïvodji , Hiromi Arai , Olivier Fortineau , Sébastien Gambs , Satoshi Hara , Alain Tapp

The widespread deployment of machine learning systems in critical real-world decision-making applications has highlighted the urgent need for counterfactual explainability methods that operate effectively. Global counterfactual…

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