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Blockchain, as a distributed ledger technology, becomes increasingly popular, especially for enabling valuable cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. However, the blockchain software systems inevitably have many bugs. Although bugs in smart…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Xiao Yi , Daoyuan Wu , Lingxiao Jiang , Yuzhou Fang , Kehuan Zhang , Wei Zhang

Billions of dollars are lost every year in DeFi platforms by transactions exploiting business logic or accounting vulnerabilities. Existing defenses focus on static code analysis, public mempool screening, attacker contract detection, or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Abdulrahman Alhaidari , Balaji Palanisamy , Prashant Krishnamurthy

Ethereum has officially provided a set of system-level cryptographic APIs to enhance smart contracts with cryptographic capabilities. These APIs have been utilized in over 10% of Ethereum transactions, motivating developers to implement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Jiashuo Zhang , Yiming Shen , Jiachi Chen , Jianzhong Su , Yanlin Wang , Ting Chen , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen

We present Solythesis, a source to source Solidity compiler which takes a smart contract code and a user specified invariant as the input and produces an instrumented contract that rejects all transactions that violate the invariant. The…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Ao Li , Jemin Andrew Choi , Fan Long

Blockchain is a distributed ledger, which is protected against malicious modifications by means of cryptographic tools, e.g. digital signatures and hash functions. One of the most prominent applications of blockchains is cryptocurrencies,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-20 E. O. Kiktenko , M. A. Kudinov , A. K. Fedorov

Smart contracts are the cornerstone of decentralized applications and financial protocols, which extend the application of digital currency transactions. The applications and financial protocols introduce significant security challenges,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

The emerging blockchain technology supports decentralized computing paradigm shift and is a rapidly approaching phenomenon. While blockchain is thought primarily as the basis of Bitcoin, its application has grown far beyond cryptocurrencies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Reza M. Parizi , Ali Dehghantanha , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo , Amritraj Singh

Over the last few years, there has been substantial research on automated analysis, testing, and debugging of Ethereum smart contracts. However, it is not trivial to compare and reproduce that research. To address this, we present an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Rui Abreu , Pedro Cruz

Security bugs and trapdoors in smart contracts have been impacting the Ethereum community since its inception. Conceptually, the 1.45-million Ethereum's contracts form a single "gigantic program" whose behaviors are determined by the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Thomas Ball , Nikolaj S. Bjørner , Ashley J. Chen , Shuo Chen , Yang Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Tzu-Han Hsu , Peng Liu , Nanqing Luo

Scam contracts on Ethereum have rapidly evolved alongside the rise of DeFi and NFT ecosystems, utilizing increasingly complex code obfuscation techniques to avoid early detection. This paper systematically investigates how obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhang Sheng , Tan Kia Quang , Shen Wang , Shengchen Duan , Kai Li , Yue Duan

Smart contracts underpin high-value ecosystems such as decentralized finance (DeFi), yet recurring vulnerabilities continue to cause losses worth billions of dollars. Although numerous security analyzers that detect such flaws exist,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tamer Abdelaziz , Salma Alsaghir , Karim Ali

As blockchain ecosystems grow, financially motivated attackers increasingly exploit decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, causing frequent and severe losses. Unlike conventional cyberattacks, DeFi exploits propagate rapidly due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Bowen Cai , Weiheng Bai , Youshui Lu , Haoran Xu , Yuannan Yang , Yajin Zhou , Kangjie Lu

The exploitation of smart contract vulnerabilities in Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has resulted in financial losses exceeding 3 billion US dollars. Existing defense mechanisms primarily focus on detecting and reacting to adversarial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shoupeng Ren , Lipeng He , Tianyu Tu , Di Wu , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Smart Contracts (SCs) handle transactions in the Ethereum blockchain worth millions of United States dollars, making them a lucrative target for attackers seeking to exploit vulnerabilities and steal funds. The Ethereum community has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Chavhan Sujeet Yashavant , MitrajSinh Chavda , Saurabh Kumar , Amey Karkare , Angshuman Karmakar

As the number of web applications and API endpoints exposed to the Internet continues to grow, so does the number of exploitable vulnerabilities. Manually identifying such vulnerabilities is tedious. Meanwhile, static security scanners tend…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Felix Mächtle , Nils Loose , Tim Schulz , Florian Sieck , Jan-Niclas Serr , Ralf Möller , Thomas Eisenbarth

The explosive growth of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has revolutionized digital ownership by enabling the creation, exchange, and monetization of unique assets on blockchain networks. However, this surge in popularity has also given rise to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Chetan Pathade , Shweta Hooli

With the rapid growth of the NFT market, the security of smart contracts has become crucial. However, existing AI-based detection models for NFT contract vulnerabilities remain limited due to their complexity, while traditional manual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xin Wang , Xiaoqi Li

Cross-chain bridges are a type of middleware for blockchain interoperability that supports the transfer of assets and data across blockchains. However, several of these bridges have vulnerabilities that have caused 3.2 billion dollars in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 André Augusto , Rafael Belchior , Jonas Pfannschmidt , André Vasconcelos , Miguel Correia

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on a blockhain. They have been used for applications in voting, decentralized finance, and supply chain management. However, vulnerabilities in smart contracts have been abused by hackers,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Timothy Mou , Michael Coblenz , Jonathan Aldrich

Blockchains are maintained by a network of participants that run algorithms designed to maintain collectively a distributed machine tolerant to Byzantine attacks. From the point of view of users, blockchains provide the illusion of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Martán Ceresa , César Sánchez