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Neural operators are becoming the default tools to learn solutions to governing partial differential equations (PDEs) in weather and ocean forecasting applications. Despite early promising achievements, significant challenges remain,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Vahidreza Jahanmard , Ali Ramezani-Kebrya , Robinson Hordoir

Solving cell problems in homogenization is hard, and available deep-learning frameworks fail to match the speed and generality of traditional computational frameworks. More to the point, it is generally unclear what to expect of…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Binh Huy Nguyen , Matti Schneider

Spatio-temporal process models are often used for modeling dynamic physical and biological phenomena that evolve across space and time. These phenomena may exhibit environmental heterogeneity and complex interactions that are difficult to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-06 Pratik Nag , Andrew Zammit-Mangion , Sumeetpal Singh , Noel Cressie

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have been promoted as fast, mesh-invariant surrogates for partial-differential equation solvers, with seismic studies reporting orders-of-magnitude speedup over classical methods. We revisit those claims by…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-08-18 Dimitri Voytan , Litan Li

This paper introduces an operator-based neural network, the mirror-padded Fourier neural operator (MFNO), designed to learn the dynamics of stochastic systems. MFNO extends the standard Fourier neural operator (FNO) by incorporating mirror…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Wonjae Lee , Taeyoung Kim , Hyungbin Park

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have emerged as leading surrogates for solver operators for various functional problems, yet their stability, generalization and frequency behavior lack a principled explanation. We present a systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Taeyoung Kim

Modeling complex systems using standard neural ordinary differential equations (NODEs) often faces some essential challenges, including high computational costs and susceptibility to local optima. To address these challenges, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xin Li , Jingdong Zhang , Qunxi Zhu , Chengli Zhao , Xue Zhang , Xiaojun Duan , Wei Lin

A Fourier neural operator (FNO) is one of the physics-inspired machine learning methods. In particular, it is a neural operator. In recent times, several types of neural operators have been developed, e.g., deep operator networks, Graph…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Taeyoung Kim , Myungjoo Kang

Neural operators have emerged as powerful tools for learning solution operators of partial differential equations. However, in time-dependent problems, standard training strategies such as teacher forcing introduce a mismatch between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zaijun Ye , Chen-Song Zhang , Wansheng Wang

Operator learning is a variant of machine learning that is designed to approximate maps between function spaces from data. The Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is one of the main model architectures used for operator learning. The FNO combines…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-29 Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart , Margaret Trautner

The UNet-enhanced Fourier Neural Operator (UFNO) extends the Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) by incorporating a parallel UNet pathway, enabling the retention of both high- and low-frequency components. While UFNO improves predictive accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Alhasan Abdellatif , Hannah P. Menke , Florian Doster , Kamaljit Singh , Ahmed H. Elsheikh

Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) is a powerful and popular operator learning method. However, FNO is mainly used in forward prediction, yet a great many applications rely on solving inverse problems. In this paper, we propose an invertible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Da Long , Zhitong Xu , Qiwei Yuan , Yin Yang , Shandian Zhe

This paper proposes a physics-informed neural operator (PINO) framework for solving inverse scattering problems, enabling rapid and accurate reconstructions under diverse measurement conditions. In the proposed approach, the dielectric…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Q. C. Dong , Zi-Xuan Su , Qing Huo Liu , Wen Chen , Zhizhang , Chen

Traditionally, neural networks have been employed to learn the mapping between finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces. However, recent research has opened up new horizons, focusing on the utilization of deep neural networks to learn operators…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Somdatta Goswami , Dimitris G. Giovanis , Bowei Li , Seymour M. J. Spence , Michael D. Shields

Recent advances in machine learning establish the ability of certain neural-network architectures called neural operators to approximate maps between function spaces. Motivated by a prospect of employing them in fundamental physics, we…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-11-20 Sebastian Mizera

Neural operators have been validated as promising deep surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Despite the critical role of boundary conditions in PDEs, however, only a limited number of neural operators robustly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-13 Ziyuan Liu , Yuhang Wu , Daniel Zhengyu Huang , Hong Zhang , Xu Qian , Songhe Song

The demand for high-performance materials, along with advanced synthesis technologies such as additive manufacturing and 3D printing, has spurred the development of hierarchical composites with superior properties. However, computational…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-07-20 Meer Mehran Rashid , Souvik Chakraborty , N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Accurate short-term predictions of phase-resolved water wave conditions are crucial for decision-making in ocean engineering. However, the initialization of remote-sensing-based wave prediction models first requires a reconstruction of wave…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-01-11 Svenja Ehlers , Marco Klein , Alexander Heinlein , Mathies Wedler , Nicolas Desmars , Norbert Hoffmann , Merten Stender

Recent advancements in operator-type neural networks have shown promising results in approximating the solutions of spatiotemporal Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). However, these neural networks often entail considerable training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Shuhao Cao , Francesco Brarda , Ruipeng Li , Yuanzhe Xi

Neural operators can learn nonlinear mappings between function spaces and offer a new simulation paradigm for real-time prediction of complex dynamics for realistic diverse applications as well as for system identification in science and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-03-23 Lu Lu , Xuhui Meng , Shengze Cai , Zhiping Mao , Somdatta Goswami , Zhongqiang Zhang , George Em Karniadakis