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Large language model (LLM) inference demands significant amount of computation and memory, especially in the key attention mechanism. While techniques, such as quantization and acceleration algorithms, like FlashAttention, have improved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Hao Kang , Srikant Bharadwaj , James Hensman , Tushar Krishna , Victor Ruhle , Saravan Rajmohan

LLM inference for enterprise applications, such as summarization, RAG, and code-generation, typically observe much longer prompt than generations, leading to high prefill cost and response latency. We present SwiftKV, a novel model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Aurick Qiao , Zhewei Yao , Samyam Rajbhandari , Yuxiong He

The growing context length of Large Language Models (LLMs) enlarges the Key-Value (KV) cache, limiting deployment in resource-limited environments. Prior training-free approaches for KV cache compression typically rely on low-rank…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yixuan Wang , Qingyu Shi , Jiayu Zhou , Dianbo Liu , Ziwei He , Zhouhan Lin

Large Language Model or LLM inference has two phases, the prompt (or prefill) phase to output the first token and the extension (or decoding) phase to the generate subsequent tokens. In this work, we propose an efficient parallelization…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Minsik Cho , Mohammad Rastegari , Devang Naik

Visual autoregressive modeling (VAR) via next-scale prediction has emerged as a scalable image generation paradigm. While Key and Value (KV) caching in large language models (LLMs) has been extensively studied, next-scale prediction…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Boxun Xu , Yu Wang , Zihu Wang , Peng Li

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) serving systems commonly employ KV-cache compression to reduce memory footprint. However, existing compression methods introduce significant processing overhead and queuing delays, particularly in…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Jianian Zhu , Hang Wu , Haojie Wang , Yinghui Li , Biao Hou , Ruixuan Li , Jidong Zhai

Long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) enable powerful applications but incur high memory costs due to the key-value states (KV-Cache). Recent studies attempt to share KV-Cache across layers, but these approaches either require expensive…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in processing long sequences and complex reasoning tasks, yet efficiently serving these models remains challenging due to the quadratic computational complexity of attention in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shang Yang , Junxian Guo , Haotian Tang , Qinghao Hu , Guangxuan Xiao , Jiaming Tang , Yujun Lin , Zhijian Liu , Yao Lu , Song Han

Excessive memory requirements of key and value features (KV-cache) present significant challenges in the autoregressive inference of large language models (LLMs), restricting both the speed and length of text generation. Approaches such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Vinay Joshi , Prashant Laddha , Shambhavi Sinha , Om Ji Omer , Sreenivas Subramoney

Generating texts with a large language model (LLM) consumes massive amounts of memory. Apart from the already-large model parameters, the key/value (KV) cache that holds information about previous tokens in a sequence can grow to be even…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Yunho Jin , Chun-Feng Wu , David Brooks , Gu-Yeon Wei

Current Video Large Language Models (VideoLLMs) suffer from quadratic computational complexity and key-value cache scaling, due to their reliance on processing excessive redundant visual tokens. To address this problem, we propose SharpV, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jialong Qin , Xin Zou , Di Lu , Yibo Yan , Xuming Hu

The Key-Value (KV) cache is integral to efficient autoregressive inference in large language models (LLMs), yet its unbounded growth in stateful multi-turn scenarios presents major challenges. This paper examines the interplay between KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Pratik Poudel

Key-value (KV) caching has emerged as a crucial optimization technique for accelerating inference in large language models (LLMs). By allowing the attention operation to scale linearly rather than quadratically with the total sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Gopi Krishna Jha , Sameh Gobriel , Liubov Talamanova , Nilesh Jain

We observe two major trends in LLM-based generative AI: (1) inference is becoming the dominant factor in terms of cost and power consumption, surpassing training, and (2) retrieval augmented generation (RAG) is becoming prevalent. When…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Kun-Woo Shin , Jay H. Park , Moonwook Oh , Yohan Jo , Jaeyoung Do , Sang-Won Lee

How to efficiently serve Large Language Models (LLMs) has become a pressing issue because of their huge computational cost in their autoregressive generation process. To mitigate computational costs, LLMs often employ the KV Cache technique…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zheng Wang , Boxiao Jin , Zhongzhi Yu , Minjia Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) take on complex tasks, their inputs are supplemented with longer contexts that incorporate domain knowledge. Yet using long contexts is challenging, as nothing can be generated until the whole context is…

KV cache pruning has emerged as a promising technique for reducing memory and computation costs in long-context auto-regressive generation. Existing methods for vision-language models (VLMs) typically rely on self-attention scores from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Xiaohuan Pei , Tao Huang , Chang Xu

Optimizing the Key-Value (KV) cache of the Large Language Model (LLM) has been considered critical to saving the cost of inference. Most of the existing KV-cache compression algorithms attempted to sparsify the sequence of tokens by taking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Zihao Wang , Bin Cui , Shaoduo Gan

KV-cache retrieval is essential for long-context LLM inference, yet existing methods struggle with distribution drift and high latency at scale. We introduce ParisKV, a drift-robust, GPU-native KV-cache retrieval framework based on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yanlin Qi , Xinhang Chen , Huiqiang Jiang , Qitong Wang , Botao Peng , Themis Palpanas

As large language models (LLMs) continue to scale, the memory footprint of key-value (KV) caches during inference has become a significant bottleneck. Existing approaches primarily focus on compressing KV caches within a single prompt or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Xinye Zhao , Spyridon Mastorakis
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