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The Environmental Extended Multi-Regional Input-Output analysis is the predominant framework in Ecological Economics for assessing the environmental impact of economic activities. This paper introduces ExioML, the first Machine Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yanming Guo , Charles Guan , Jin Ma

The widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has significantly advanced environmental monitoring (EM) by enabling cost-effective and scalable sensing solutions. Concurrently, machine learning (ML) and artificial…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-26 Philip Wiese , Victor Kartsch , Marco Guermandi , Luca Benini

The ubiquity of machine learning (ML) and the demand for ever-larger models bring an increase in energy consumption and environmental impact. However, little is known about the energy scaling laws in ML, and existing research focuses on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Emile Dos Santos Ferreira , Andrei Paleyes , Neil D. Lawrence

The use of Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) for storing Machine Learning (ML) models plays a critical role in accelerating ML inference tasks in the next generation of communication systems. However, periodic refreshment of DRAM results…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Junya Shiraishi , Shashi Raj Pandey , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Petar Popovski

This paper presents a security paradigm for edge devices to defend against various internal and external threats. The first section of the manuscript proposes employing machine learning models to identify MQTT-based (Message Queue Telemetry…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Sahar L. Qaddoori , Qutaiba I. Ali

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) presents sustainability challenges such as increased maintenance requirements and overall higher energy consumption. This motivates self-sustainable IoT ecosystems based on Energy Harvesting…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-20 David Ernesto Ruiz-Guirola , Samuel Montejo-Sanchez , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Zhu Han , Petar Popovski , Onel L. A. Lopez

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) is a rapidly growing field aiming to democratize machine learning (ML) for resource-constrained microcontrollers (MCUs). Given the pervasiveness of these tiny devices, it is inherent to ask whether TinyML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Haoyu Ren , Darko Anicic , Thomas A. Runkler

Recently, there has been a national push to use machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to advance engineering techniques in all disciplines ranging from advanced fracture mechanics in materials science to soil and water…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Andrew Schulz , Suzanne Stathatos , Cassandra Shriver , Roxanne Moore

This paper presents a lightweight K-Means anomaly detection model and a distributed model-sharing workflow designed for resource-constrained microcontrollers (MCUs). Using real power measurements from a mini-fridge appliance, the system…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Abdulrahman Albaiz , Fathi Amsaad

This research empirically examines embedded development tools viable for on-device TinyML implementation. The research evaluates various development tools with various abstraction levels on resource-constrained IoT devices, from basic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Enzo Scaffi , Antoine Bonneau , Frédéric Le Mouël , Fabien Mieyeville

The exponential growth of IoT networks necessitates a paradigm shift towards architectures that offer high flexibility and learning capabilities while maintaining low energy consumption, minimal communication overhead, and low latency.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mugdim Bublin , Heimo Hirner , Antoine-Martin Lanners , Radu Grosu

The rapid deployment of machine learning across platforms from milliwatt-class TinyML devices to large language models has made energy efficiency a primary constraint for sustainable AI. Across these scales, performance and energy are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Mohammad Saleh Vahdatpour , Yanqing Zhang

The accuracy of tinyML applications is often affected by various environmental factors, such as noises, location/calibration of sensors, and time-related changes. This article introduces a neural network based on-device learning (ODL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Kazuki Sunaga , Masaaki Kondo , Hiroki Matsutani

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role today in smart building infrastructures, from simple smart-home applications, to more sophisticated industrial type installations. The vast amounts of data generated from relevant systems can…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Konstantinos Koutras , Agorakis Bompotas , Constantinos Halkiopoulos , Athanasios Kalogeras , Christos Alexakos

Environmental monitoring is a crucial component of the smart city infrastructure. It enables informed decision making which enhances sustainability, public health and urban planning. However, the large-scale deployments of the smart sensors…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yichen Liu , Imam Akintomiwa Akinlade , Xiaochong Jiang , Wenting Yang , Shiqi Yang

The IoT facilitates a connected, intelligent, and sustainable society; therefore, it is imperative to protect the IoT ecosystem. The IoT-based 5G and 6G will leverage the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence (ML/AI) more to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Sushil Shakya , Robert Abbas , Sasa Maric

Large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) networks enable intelligent services such as smart cities and autonomous driving, but often face resource constraints. Collecting heterogeneous sensory data, especially in small-scale datasets, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haihui Xie , Wenkun Wen , Shuwu Chen , Zhaogang Shu , Minghua Xia

This paper provides a state-of-the-art literature review on economic analysis and pricing models for data collection and wireless communication in Internet of Things (IoT). Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the main component of IoT which…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-12 Nguyen Cong Luong , Dinh Thai Hoang , Ping Wang , Dusit Niyato , Dong In Kim , Zhu Han

This study proposes a machine learning-based Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach for controlling Air Handling Unit (AHU) systems by employing an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. The proposed framework utilizes an Artificial Neural…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Aryan Morteza , Hosein K. Nazari , Peyman Pahlevani

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in developing machine learning algorithms on embedded systems. This is particularly relevant for bare metal devices in Internet of Things, Robotics, and Industrial applications that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Matteo Carnelos , Francesco Pasti , Nicola Bellotto