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Modern large language models become multimodal, analyzing various data formats like text and images. While fine-tuning is effective for adapting these multimodal language models (MLMs) to downstream tasks, full fine-tuning is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Alexander Sergeev , Evgeny Kotelnikov

The success of large language models (LLMs), like GPT-4 and ChatGPT, has led to the development of numerous cost-effective and accessible alternatives that are created by finetuning open-access LLMs with task-specific data (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhiqiang Hu , Lei Wang , Yihuai Lan , Wanyu Xu , Ee-Peng Lim , Lidong Bing , Xing Xu , Soujanya Poria , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in different tasks and are bringing transformative changes to many domains. However, keeping the knowledge in LLMs up-to-date remains a challenge once pretraining is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Xiou Ge , Ali Mousavi , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin , Kun Qian , Benjamin Han , Mostafa Arefiyan , Yunyao Li

Current Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods typically operate under an implicit assumption: Once a target module is selected, every token passing through it contributes equally to the downstream task and requires a parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Dabiao Ma , Ziming Dai , Zhimin Xin , Shu Wang , Jian Yang , Haojun Fei

Large-scale foundation models have demonstrated remarkable versatility across a wide range of downstream tasks. However, fully fine-tuning these models incurs prohibitive computational costs, motivating the development of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Chongjie Si , Xuankun Yang , Muqing Liu , Yadao Wang , Xiaokang Yang , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng , Wei Shen

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods are widely used to adapt large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks and are often assumed to improve factual correctness. However, how the parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods affect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Xu Hu , Yifan Zhang , Songtao Wei , Chen Zhao , Qiannan Li , Bingzhe Li , Feng Chen

As the cost of training ever larger language models has grown, so has the interest in reusing previously learnt knowledge. Transfer learning methods have shown how reusing non-task-specific knowledge can help in subsequent task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Mohammed Sabry , Anya Belz

Open-vocabulary semantic segmentation seeks to label each pixel in an image with arbitrary text descriptions. Vision-language foundation models, especially CLIP, have recently emerged as powerful tools for acquiring open-vocabulary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Zelin Peng , Zhengqin Xu , Zhilin Zeng , Yaoming Wang , Wei Shen

Popular PEFT methods reduce trainable parameter count for fine-tuning by parameterizing new low-rank or sparse trainable weights in parallel to the frozen pre-trained weights $W$. However, these weights are trained from scratch, and there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Suhas G Hegde , Shilpy Kaur , Aruna Tiwari

Fine-tuning large pre-trained foundation models often yields excellent downstream performance but is prohibitively expensive when updating all parameters. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods such as LoRA alleviate this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yibo Zhong , Haoxiang Jiang , Lincan Li , Ryumei Nakada , Tianci Liu , Linjun Zhang , Huaxiu Yao , Haoyu Wang

Fine-tuning all parameters of large language models (LLMs) necessitates substantial computational power and extended time. Latest advancements in parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques, such as Adapter tuning and LoRA, allow for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhihao Wen , Jie Zhang , Yuan Fang

Orthogonal parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) adapts pretrained weights through structure-preserving multiplicative transformations, but existing methods often conflate two distinct design choices: the subspace in which adaptation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Lanxin Zhao , Bamdev Mishra , Pratik Jawanpuria , Lequan Lin , Dai Shi , Junbin Gao , Andi Han

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has risen as an innovative training strategy that updates only a select few model parameters, significantly lowering both computational and memory demands. PEFT also helps to decrease data transfer in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Shuangyi Chen , Yue Ju , Hardik Dalal , Zhongwen Zhu , Ashish Khisti

This paper develops a new perspective on parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for LLMs, inspired by classical subspace minimization. We introduce a unifying framework, Parameter-Efficient Subspace Optimization (PESO), which recovers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuchen Lou , Zeqi Ye , Minshuo Chen

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning aims to achieve performance comparable to fine-tuning, using fewer trainable parameters. Several strategies (e.g., Adapters, prefix tuning, BitFit, and LoRA) have been proposed. However, their designs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Jiaao Chen , Aston Zhang , Xingjian Shi , Mu Li , Alex Smola , Diyi Yang

Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling the collaborative training of models without centralized access to the raw data on local devices. In the typical FL paradigm (e.g., FedAvg), model weights are sent to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Guangyu Sun , Umar Khalid , Matias Mendieta , Pu Wang , Chen Chen

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) of text-to-image models has become an increasingly popular technique with many applications. Among the various PEFT methods, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and its variants have gained significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Zerui Tao , Yuhta Takida , Naoki Murata , Qibin Zhao , Yuki Mitsufuji

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) reduces the training cost of full-parameter fine-tuning for large language models (LLMs) by training only a small set of task-specific parameters while freezing the pretrained backbone. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xianming Li , Zongxi Li , Tsz-fung Andrew Lee , Jing Li , Haoran Xie , Qing Li

Fine-tuning is widely used to tailor large language models for specific tasks such as neural machine translation (NMT). However, leveraging transfer learning is computationally expensive when fine-tuning large multilingual models with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Josh McGiff , Nikola S. Nikolov

Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) is a key technique for adapting a large pretrained model to downstream tasks by fine-tuning only a small number of parameters. Recent methods based on Fourier transforms have further reduced the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Baoquan Zhang , Zhehao Yu , Lisai Zhang , Kenghong Lin , Tianran Chen , Yuxi Sun , Yunming Ye , Yao He