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Natural Language Processing (NLP) models based on Machine Learning (ML) are susceptible to adversarial attacks -- malicious algorithms that imperceptibly modify input text to force models into making incorrect predictions. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Salijona Dyrmishi , Salah Ghamizi , Maxime Cordy

The frustratingly fragile nature of neural network models make current natural language generation (NLG) systems prone to backdoor attacks and generate malicious sequences that could be sexist or offensive. Unfortunately, little effort has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiaofei Sun , Xiaoya Li , Yuxian Meng , Xiang Ao , Lingjuan Lyu , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

Deep learning-based natural language processing (NLP) models, particularly pre-trained language models (PLMs), have been revealed to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. However, the adversarial examples generated by many mainstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Zimu Wang , Wei Wang , Qi Chen , Qiufeng Wang , Anh Nguyen

Large language models (LLMs) successfully model natural language from vast amounts of text without the need for explicit supervision. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of LLMs in modeling passwords. We present PassGPT, a LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Javier Rando , Fernando Perez-Cruz , Briland Hitaj

With the celebrated success of deep learning, some attempts to develop effective methods for detecting malicious PowerShell programs employ neural nets in a traditional natural language processing setup while others employ convolutional…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Gili Rusak , Abdullah Al-Dujaili , Una-May O'Reilly

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in processing and generating human language, powered by their ability to interpret and follow instructions. However, their capabilities can be exploited through prompt injection attacks. These attacks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Xiaogeng Liu , Zhiyuan Yu , Yizhe Zhang , Ning Zhang , Chaowei Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved record adoption in a short period of time across many different sectors including high importance areas such as education [4] and healthcare [23]. LLMs are open-ended models trained on diverse data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Herve Debar , Sven Dietrich , Pavel Laskov , Emil C. Lupu , Eirini Ntoutsi

We present Natural Language Tools (NLT), a framework that replaces programmatic JSON tool calling in large language models (LLMs) with natural language outputs. By decoupling tool selection from response generation, NLT eliminates task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Reid T. Johnson , Michelle D. Pain , Jordan D. West

Given recent advancements of Large Language Models (LLMs), code generation tasks attract immense attention for wide application in different domains. In an effort to evaluate and select a best model to automatically remediate system…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Ngoc Phuoc An Vo , Brent Paulovicks , Vadim Sheinin

Recent advancements in Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic content, raising concerns about the potential for malicious use, such as misinformation and manipulation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Andrea Pedrotti , Michele Papucci , Cristiano Ciaccio , Alessio Miaschi , Giovanni Puccetti , Felice Dell'Orletta , Andrea Esuli

We demonstrate how AI-powered cybersecurity tools can be turned against themselves through prompt injection attacks. Prompt injection is reminiscent of cross-site scripting (XSS): malicious text is hidden within seemingly trusted content,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Víctor Mayoral-Vilches , Per Mannermaa Rynning

Since manually writing software exploits for offensive security is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge, AI-base code generators are an attractive solution to enhance security analysts' productivity by automatically crafting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Cristina Improta , Pietro Liguori , Roberto Natella , Bojan Cukic , Domenico Cotroneo

Tool-augmented Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated impressive capabilities in automating complex, multi-step real-world tasks, yet remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection. Adversaries exploit this weakness by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wei Zhao , Zhe Li , Peixin Zhang , Jun Sun

Power words are terms that evoke strong emotional responses and significantly influence readers' behavior, playing a crucial role in fields like marketing, politics, and motivational writing. This study proposes a methodology for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Sahil Garje

Recent studies show that pre-trained language models (LMs) are vulnerable to textual adversarial attacks. However, existing attack methods either suffer from low attack success rates or fail to search efficiently in the exponentially large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Boxin Wang , Chejian Xu , Xiangyu Liu , Yu Cheng , Bo Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become powerful tools for automated code generation. However, these models often overlook critical security practices, which can result in the generation of insecure code that contains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hao Yan , Swapneel Suhas Vaidya , Xiaokuan Zhang , Ziyu Yao

With the development and proliferation of large, complex, black-box models for solving many natural language processing (NLP) tasks, there is also an increasing necessity of methods to stress-test these models and provide some degree of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Amrita Bhattacharjee , Raha Moraffah , Joshua Garland , Huan Liu

With the rise of attacks using PowerShell in the recent months, there has not been a comprehensive solution for monitoring or prevention. Microsoft recently released the AMSI solution for PowerShell v5, however this can also be bypassed.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-09-25 Amanda Rousseau

Large Language Models (LLMs) presents significant priority in text understanding and generation. However, LLMs suffer from the risk of generating harmful contents especially while being employed to applications. There are several black-box…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Chengyuan Liu , Fubang Zhao , Lizhi Qing , Yangyang Kang , Changlong Sun , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu

This research article critically examines the potential risks and implications arising from the malicious utilization of large language models(LLM), focusing specifically on ChatGPT and Google's Bard. Although these large language models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-25 P. V. Sai Charan , Hrushikesh Chunduri , P. Mohan Anand , Sandeep K Shukla