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We present a technique for derandomising large deviation bounds of functions on the unitary group. We replace the Haar distribution with a pseudo-random distribution, a k-design. k-designs have the first k moments equal to those of the Haar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Richard A. Low

Unitary t-designs are distributions on the unitary group whose first t moments appear maximally random. Previous work has established several upper bounds on the depths at which certain specific random quantum circuit ensembles approximate…

We prove a quantum information-theoretic conjecture due to Ji, Liu and Song (CRYPTO 2018) which suggested that a uniform superposition with random \emph{binary} phase is statistically indistinguishable from a Haar random state. That is, any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-27 Zvika Brakerski , Omri Shmueli

The capacity to randomly pick a unitary across the whole unitary group is a powerful tool across physics and quantum information. A unitary $t$-design is designed to tackle this challenge in an efficient way, yet constructions to date rely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Rawad Mezher , Joe Ghalbouni , Joseph Dgheim , Damian Markham

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRSs) and pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) possess the dual nature of being efficiently constructible while appearing completely random to any efficient quantum algorithm. In this study, we establish fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , Dax Enshan Koh

We prove that random quantum circuits on any geometry, including a 1D line, can form approximate unitary designs over $n$ qubits in $\log n$ depth. In a similar manner, we construct pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) in 1D circuits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Thomas Schuster , Jonas Haferkamp , Hsin-Yuan Huang

Gluing theorem for random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025] have found numerous applications, including designing low depth random unitaries [Schuster, Haferkamp, Huang, QIP 2025], random unitaries in ${\sf QAC0}$ [Foxman,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Prabhanjan Ananth , John Bostanci , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

We consider the task of constructing pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) with scalable security, i.e. families in which the security parameter may vary independently of the dimension (or input bit-length). It is not known whether scalable PRUs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Zvika Brakerski , Henry Yuen

Understanding how fast physical systems can resemble Haar-random unitaries is a fundamental question in physics. Many experiments of interest in quantum gravity and many-body physics, including the butterfly effect in quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Thomas Schuster , Fermi Ma , Alex Lombardi , Fernando Brandao , Hsin-Yuan Huang

Quantum pseudorandomness, also known as unitary designs, comprise a powerful resource for quantum computation and quantum engineering. While it is known in theory that pseudorandom unitary operators can be constructed efficiently, realizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Jun Li , Zhihuang Luo , Tao Xin , Hengyan Wang , David Kribs , Dawei Lu , Bei Zeng , Raymond Laflamme

We consider the problem of efficiently simulating random quantum states and random unitary operators, in a manner which is convincing to unbounded adversaries with black-box oracle access. This problem has previously only been considered…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-17 Gorjan Alagic , Christian Majenz , Alexander Russell

Local random circuits scramble efficiently and accordingly have a range of applications in quantum information and quantum dynamics. With a global $U(1)$ charge however, the scrambling ability is reduced; for example, such random circuits…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-04-23 Sumner N. Hearth , Michael O. Flynn , Anushya Chandran , Chris R. Laumann

Epsilon-nets and approximate unitary $t$-designs are natural notions that capture properties of unitary operations relevant for numerous applications in quantum information and quantum computing. The former constitute subsets of unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Michał Oszmaniec , Adam Sawicki , Michał Horodecki

Unitary $k$-designs are central to quantum information and quantum many-body physics as efficient proxies for Haar-random dynamics. We study how chaotic Hamiltonian evolution can generate unitary $k$-designs. Standard approaches typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Yi-Neng Zhou , Tian-Gang Zhou , Julian Sonner

Quantum Physical Unclonable Functions (QPUFs) are hardware-based cryptographic primitives with strong theoretical security. This security stems from their modeling as Haar-random unitaries. However, implementing such unitaries on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Soham Ghosh , Holger Boche , Marc Geitz

Randomisation is widely used in quantum algorithms to reduce the number of quantum gates and ancillary qubits required. A range of randomised algorithms, including eigenstate property estimation by spectral filters, Hamiltonian simulation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-19 Jinzhao Sun , Pei Zeng

Efficient methods for generating pseudo-randomly distributed unitary operators are needed for the practical application of Haar distributed random operators in quantum communication and noise estimation protocols. We develop a theoretical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Joseph Emerson , Etera Livine , Seth Lloyd

Pseudorandom circuits generate quantum states and unitary operators which are approximately distributed according to the unitarily invariant Haar measure. We explore how several design parameters affect the efficiency of pseudo-random…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yaakov S. Weinstein , Winton G. Brown , Lorenza Viola

The famous Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma states that for any set of n vectors, there is a linear transformation into a space of dimension O(log n) that approximately preserves all their lengths. In fact, a Haar random unitary transformation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-25 Pranab Sen

We prove that $poly(t) \cdot n^{1/D}$-depth local random quantum circuits with two qudit nearest-neighbor gates on a $D$-dimensional lattice with n qudits are approximate $t$-designs in various measures. These include the "monomial"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-05 Aram Harrow , Saeed Mehraban