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Grammatical error correction (GEC) suffers from a lack of sufficient parallel data. Therefore, GEC studies have developed various methods to generate pseudo data, which comprise pairs of grammatical and artificially produced ungrammatical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Aomi Koyama , Kengo Hotate , Masahiro Kaneko , Mamoru Komachi

Grammatical error correction (GEC) is the task of correcting typos, spelling, punctuation and grammatical issues in text. Approaching the problem as a sequence-to-sequence task, we compare the use of a common subword unit vocabulary and…

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) aims to automatically detect and correct grammatical errors. In this aspect, dominant models are trained by one-iteration learning while performing multiple iterations of corrections during inference.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Shaopeng Lai , Qingyu Zhou , Jiali Zeng , Zhongli Li , Chao Li , Yunbo Cao , Jinsong Su

Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (CGEC) aims to automatically detect and correct grammatical errors contained in Chinese text. In the long term, researchers regard CGEC as a task with a certain degree of uncertainty, that is, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Jingheng Ye , Yinghui Li , Shirong Ma , Rui Xie , Wei Wu , Hai-Tao Zheng

Grammatical error correction (GEC) is a well-explored problem in English with many existing models and datasets. However, research on GEC in morphologically rich languages has been limited due to challenges such as data scarcity and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Bashar Alhafni , Go Inoue , Christian Khairallah , Nizar Habash

Recent studies have shown that code-switching data (CSD), in which multiple languages are mixed within the same context, can improve cross-lingual transfer and multilingual alignment in large language models (LLMs). However, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Shunta Asano , Jeonghun Baek , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Code-switching is about dealing with alternative languages in speech or text. It is partially speaker-depend and domain-related, so completely explaining the phenomenon by linguistic rules is challenging. Compared to most monolingual tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Ching-Ting Chang , Shun-Po Chuang , Hung-Yi Lee

Over-correction is a critical problem in Chinese grammatical error correction (CGEC) task. Recent work using model ensemble methods based on voting can effectively mitigate over-correction and improve the precision of the GEC system.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yixuan Wang , Baoxin Wang , Yijun Liu , Dayong Wu , Wanxiang Che

Spoken Grammatical Error Correction (SGEC) and Feedback (SGECF) are crucial for second language learners, teachers and test takers. Traditional SGEC systems rely on a cascaded pipeline consisting of an ASR, a module for disfluency detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Mengjie Qian , Rao Ma , Stefano Bannò , Kate M. Knill , Mark J. F. Gales

For English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, code-switching (CSW), or alternating between their native language and the target language (English), can lower anxiety and ease communication barriers. Large language models (LLMs), with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Junyeong Park , Jieun Han , Yeon Su Park , Youngbin Lee , Suin Kim , Juho Kim , Alice Oh , So-Yeon Ahn

Grammatical error correction (GEC) systems strive to correct both global errors in word order and usage, and local errors in spelling and inflection. Further developing upon recent work on neural machine translation, we propose a new hybrid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-11 Jianshu Ji , Qinlong Wang , Kristina Toutanova , Yongen Gong , Steven Truong , Jianfeng Gao

Code-switching (CS), a ubiquitous phenomenon due to the ease of communication it offers in multilingual communities still remains an understudied problem in language processing. The primary reasons behind this are: (1) minimal efforts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Parul Chopra , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu

Code-switching (CS) refers to the switching of languages within a speech signal and results in language confusion for automatic speech recognition (ASR). To address language confusion, we propose a language alignment loss (LAL) that aligns…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Hexin Liu , Xiangyu Zhang , Haoyang Zhang , Leibny Paola Garcia , Andy W. H. Khong , Eng Siong Chng , Shinji Watanabe

This paper presents MuCGEC, a multi-reference multi-source evaluation dataset for Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (CGEC), consisting of 7,063 sentences collected from three Chinese-as-a-Second-Language (CSL) learner sources. Each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Yue Zhang , Zhenghua Li , Zuyi Bao , Jiacheng Li , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Fei Huang , Min Zhang

Some grammatical error correction (GEC) systems incorporate hand-crafted rules and achieve positive results. However, manually defining rules is time-consuming and laborious. In view of this, we propose a method to mine error templates for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Yue Zhang , Haochen Jiang , Zuyi Bao , Bo Zhang , Chen Li , Zhenghua Li

Recently, there has been significant progress made in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) of code-switched speech, leading to gains in accuracy on code-switched datasets in many language pairs. Code-switched speech co-occurs with monolingual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-02 Sanket Shah , Basil Abraham , Gurunath Reddy M , Sunayana Sitaram , Vikas Joshi

Code-switching automatic speech recognition (CS-ASR) presents unique challenges due to language confusion introduced by spontaneous intra-sentence switching and accent bias that blurs the phonetic boundaries. Although the constituent…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Hexin Liu , Haoyang Zhang , Qiquan Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang , Dongyuan Shi , Eng Siong Chng , Haizhou Li

Code-switching is a commonly observed communicative phenomenon denoting a shift from one language to another within the same speech exchange. The analysis of code-switched data often becomes an assiduous task, owing to the limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Tanvi Dadu , Kartikey Pant

Code-switching describes the practice of using more than one language in the same sentence. In this study, we investigate how to optimize a neural transducer based bilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for code-switching…

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) and grammatical acceptability judgment (COLA) are core tasks in natural language processing, sharing foundational grammatical knowledge yet typically evolving independently. This paper introduces COLA-GEC,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Xiangyu Yang , Xinying Qiu