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The widespread success of large language models (LLMs) on NLP benchmarks has been accompanied by concerns that LLMs function primarily as stochastic parrots that reproduce texts similar to what they saw during pre-training, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Ziling Cheng , Meng Cao , Marc-Antoine Rondeau , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce hallucinated or unverifiable content, undermining their reliability in factual domains. This work investigates Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) as a training paradigm that…

Vision Language Action (VLA) models are widely used in Embodied AI, enabling robots to interpret and execute language instructions. However, their robustness to natural language variability in real-world scenarios has not been thoroughly…

Large audio-language models (LALMs) unify speech and text processing, but their robustness in noisy real-world settings remains underexplored. We investigate how irrelevant audio, such as silence, synthetic noise, and environmental sounds,…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Chen-An Li , Tzu-Han Lin , Hung-yi Lee

For knowledge intensive NLP tasks, it has been widely accepted that accessing more information is a contributing factor to improvements in the model's end-to-end performance. However, counter-intuitively, too much context can have a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Philhoon Oh , James Thorne

The scaling trend in Large Language Models (LLMs) has prioritized increasing the maximum context window to facilitate complex, long-form reasoning and document analysis. However, managing this expanded context introduces severe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ahilan Ayyachamy Nadar Ponnusamy , Karthic Chandran , M Maruf Hossain

Question Answering (QA) tasks, which involve extracting answers from a given context, are relatively straightforward for modern Large Language Models (LLMs) when the context is short. However, long contexts pose challenges due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Ritwik Mishra , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Applying existing question answering (QA) systems to specialized domains like law and finance presents challenges that necessitate domain expertise. Although large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive language comprehension and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vaibhav Mavi , Abulhair Saparov , Chen Zhao

Large language models (LLMs) have had a huge impact on society due to their impressive capabilities and vast knowledge of the world. Various applications and tools have been created that allow users to interact with these models in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Eric Nuertey Coleman , Julio Hurtado , Vincenzo Lomonaco

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely applied in various professional fields. By fine-tuning the models using domain specific question and answer datasets, the professional domain knowledge and Q\&A abilities of these models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Qimin Yang , Rongsheng Wang , Jiexin Chen , Runqi Su , Tao Tan

Multi-hop Question Answering (MHQA) adds layers of complexity to question answering, making it more challenging. When Language Models (LMs) are prompted with multiple search results, they are tasked not only with retrieving relevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenyu Huang , Pavlos Vougiouklis , Mirella Lapata , Jeff Z. Pan

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in open-domain Question Answering (QA), their ability to handle inferential questions-where answers must be derived rather than directly retrieved-remains still underexplored. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

Standard evaluation practices assume that large language model (LLM) outputs are stable under contextually equivalent formulations of a task. Here, we test this assumption in the setting of gender inference. Using a controlled pronoun…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Sagar Kumar , Ariel Flint , Luca Maria Aiello , Andrea Baronchelli

Accurate uncertainty quantification (UQ) in Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for trustworthy deployment. While real-world language is inherently ambiguous, reflecting aleatoric uncertainty, existing UQ methods are typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Tim Tomov , Dominik Fuchsgruber , Tom Wollschläger , Stephan Günnemann

In this paper, we explore the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) with assertions to mitigate imbalances in educational datasets. Traditional models often fall short in such contexts, particularly due to the complexity and nuanced…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Jeanne McClure , Machi Shimmei , Noboru Matsuda , Shiyan Jiang

Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) research has primarily focused on closed-book factual question answering (QA), while contextual QA remains unexplored, despite its importance in real-world applications. In this work, we focus on UQ for the…

Large language models require updates to remain up-to-date or adapt to new domains by fine-tuning them with new documents. One key is memorizing the latest information in a way that the memorized information is extractable with a query…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Kuniaki Saito , Kihyuk Sohn , Chen-Yu Lee , Yoshitaka Ushiku

Progress on training and architecture strategies has enabled LLMs with millions of tokens in context length. However, empirical evidence suggests that such long-context LLMs can consume far more text than they can reliably use. On the other…

When people answer questions about a specific situation, e.g., "I cheated on my mid-term exam last week. Was that wrong?", cognitive science suggests that they form a mental picture of that situation before answering. While we do not know…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Yuling Gu , Bhavana Dalvi Mishra , Peter Clark

Long-context large language models (LC LLMs) promise to increase reliability of LLMs in real-world tasks requiring processing and understanding of long input documents. However, this ability of LC LLMs to reliably utilize their growing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Lavanya Gupta , Saket Sharma , Yiyun Zhao