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Large language models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant interest. With in-context learning, LLMs achieve impressive results in various natural language tasks. However, the application of LLMs to sentence embeddings remains an area…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Ting Jiang , Shaohan Huang , Zhongzhi Luan , Deqing Wang , Fuzhen Zhuang

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have demonstrated the capability to generate human like, natural responses across a range of tasks, including task oriented dialogue and question answering. However, their application in real…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Naheed Rayhan , Md. Ashrafuzzaman

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing by achieving state-of-the-art performance across various tasks. Recently, their effectiveness as embedding models has gained attention, marking a paradigm shift…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Chongyang Tao , Tao Shen , Shen Gao , Junshuo Zhang , Zhen Li , Kai Hua , Wenpeng Hu , Zhengwei Tao , Shuai Ma

Text embedding methods have become increasingly popular in both industrial and academic fields due to their critical role in a variety of natural language processing tasks. The significance of universal text embeddings has been further…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hongliu Cao

Text embedding has become a foundational technology in natural language processing (NLP) during the deep learning era, driving advancements across a wide array of downstream tasks. While many natural language understanding challenges can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhijie Nie , Zhangchi Feng , Mingxin Li , Cunwang Zhang , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone in Natural Language Processing (NLP), achieving impressive performance in text generation. Their token-level representations capture rich, human-aligned semantics. However, pooling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Benedikt Roth , Stephan Rappensperger , Tianming Qiu , Hamza Imamović , Julian Wörmann , Hao Shen

As retrieval-augmented generation prevails in large language models, embedding models are becoming increasingly crucial. Despite the growing number of general embedding models, prior work often overlooks the critical role of training data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Xinshuo Hu , Zifei Shan , Xinping Zhao , Zetian Sun , Zhenyu Liu , Dongfang Li , Shaolin Ye , Xinyuan Wei , Qian Chen , Baotian Hu , Haofen Wang , Jun Yu , Min Zhang

In support of open and reproducible research, there has been a rapidly increasing number of datasets made available for research. As the availability of datasets increases, it becomes more important to have quality metadata for discovering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Shiwei Zhang , Mingfang Wu , Xiuzhen Zhang

With the booming of Large Language Models (LLMs), prompt-learning has become a promising method mainly researched in various research areas. Recently, many attempts based on prompt-learning have been made to improve the performance of text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Chun Liu , Hongguang Zhang , Kainan Zhao , Xinghai Ju , Lin Yang

In this paper, we introduce a novel and simple method for obtaining high-quality text embeddings using only synthetic data and less than 1k training steps. Unlike existing methods that often depend on multi-stage intermediate pre-training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xiaolong Huang , Linjun Yang , Rangan Majumder , Furu Wei

Large language models (LLMs) call for extension of context to handle many critical applications. However, the existing approaches are prone to expensive costs and inferior quality of context extension. In this work, we proposeExtensible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Kun Luo , Zheng Liu , Shitao Xiao , Kang Liu

Objective and scalable measurement of teaching quality is a persistent challenge in education. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential, general-purpose models have struggled to reliably apply complex, authentic classroom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Michael Hardy

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized various domains but still struggle with non-Latin scripts and low-resource languages. This paper addresses the critical challenge of improving multilingual performance without extensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Somnath Kumar , Vaibhav Balloli , Mercy Ranjit , Kabir Ahuja , Sunayana Sitaram , Kalika Bali , Tanuja Ganu , Akshay Nambi

Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using large language language models (LLMs) in passage ranking. The listwise approaches, such as RankGPT, have become new state-of-the-art in this task. However, the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Qi Liu , Bo Wang , Nan Wang , Jiaxin Mao

Recent advancements in language models and pre-trained language models like BERT and RoBERTa have revolutionized natural language processing, enabling a deeper understanding of human-like language. In this paper, we explore enhancing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Ngoc Luyen Le , Marie-Hélène Abel

Text clustering is an important method for organising the increasing volume of digital content, aiding in the structuring and discovery of hidden patterns in uncategorised data. The effectiveness of text clustering largely depends on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Alina Petukhova , João P. Matos-Carvalho , Nuno Fachada

Semantic caching enhances the efficiency of large language model (LLM) systems by identifying semantically similar queries, storing responses once, and serving them for subsequent equivalent requests. However, existing semantic caching…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Shervin Ghaffari , Zohre Bahranifard , Mohammad Akbari

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced artificial intelligence (AI) in software engineering (SE), with source code embeddings playing a crucial role in tasks such as source code clone detection and source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zixiang Xian , Chenhui Cui , Rubing Huang , Chunrong Fang , Zhenyu Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across various domains, but effectively incorporating complex and potentially noisy user timeline data into LLMs remains a challenge. Current approaches often involve translating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Lin Ning , Luyang Liu , Jiaxing Wu , Neo Wu , Devora Berlowitz , Sushant Prakash , Bradley Green , Shawn O'Banion , Jun Xie

Text embeddings from large language models (LLMs) have achieved excellent results in tasks such as information retrieval, semantic textual similarity, etc. In this work, we show an interesting finding: when feeding a text into the LLM-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Zhijie Nie , Richong Zhang , Zhanyu Wu
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