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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) language models organize knowledge into explicitly routed expert modules, making expert-level representations traceable and analyzable. By analyzing expert activation patterns in MoE large language models (LLMs), we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chang Liu , Boyu Shi , Xu Yang , Xin Geng

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has become a fundamental building block in state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), improving domain-specific expertise in LLMs and scaling model capacity without proportionally increasing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ankit Jyothish , Ali Jannesari , Aishwarya Sarkar , Joseph Zuber

Transformer-based Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have been driving several recent technological advancements in Natural Language Processing (NLP). These MoE models adopt a router mechanism to determine which experts to activate for routing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Maryam Akhavan Aghdam , Hongpeng Jin , Yanzhao Wu

In spite of the great success of deep learning technologies, training and delivery of a practically serviceable model is still a highly time-consuming process. Furthermore, a resulting model is usually too generic and heavyweight, and hence…

Databases · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hakbin Kim , Dong-Wan Choi

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a promising paradigm for scaling language models efficiently by activating only a subset of parameters for each input token. In this report, we present dots.llm1, a large-scale MoE model that…

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate the rising computational costs of large language models (LLMs) by selectively activating parameters. However, its high memory requirements and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jehyeon Bang , Eunyeong Cho , Ranggi Hwang , Jinha Chung , Minsoo Rhu

Diffusion policies have emerged as a powerful framework for robotic visuomotor control, yet they often lack the robustness to recover from subtask failures in long-horizon, multi-stage tasks and their learned representations of observations…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Baiye Cheng , Tianhai Liang , Suning Huang , Maanping Shao , Feihong Zhang , Botian Xu , Zhengrong Xue , Huazhe Xu

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures decouple model capacity from per-token computation, enabling scaling beyond the computational limits imposed by dense scaling laws. Yet how MoE architectures shape knowledge acquisition during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Bo Wang , Junzhuo Li , Hong Chen , Yuanlin Chu , Yuxuan Fan , Xuming Hu

As the training of giant dense models hits the boundary on the availability and capability of the hardware resources today, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models become one of the most promising model architectures due to their significant…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity as a means of scaling the capacity of large language models (LLMs) while maintaining sparse activations and reduced per-token compute. However, in memory-constrained inference settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vivan Madan , Prajwal Singhania , Abhinav Bhatele , Tom Goldstein , Ashwinee Panda

Large-scale Transformer models bring significant improvements for various downstream vision language tasks with a unified architecture. The performance improvements come with increasing model size, resulting in slow inference speed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shengkun Tang , Yaqing Wang , Zhenglun Kong , Tianchi Zhang , Yao Li , Caiwen Ding , Yanzhi Wang , Yi Liang , Dongkuan Xu

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has led to the adoption of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures that dynamically leverage specialized subnetworks for improved efficiency and performance. Despite their benefits, MoE…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Cai , Yeonju Ro , Geon-Woo Kim , Peihao Wang , Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi , Aditya Akella , Zhangyang Wang

Most recent state-of-the-art (SOTA) large language models (LLMs) use Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures to scale model capacity without proportional per-token compute, enabling higher-quality outputs at manageable serving costs.…

Deep neural operators can learn nonlinear mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces via deep neural networks. As promising surrogate solvers of partial differential equations (PDEs) for real-time prediction, deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Min Zhu , Handi Zhang , Anran Jiao , George Em Karniadakis , Lu Lu

The deployment of large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models on edge devices presents significant challenges due to memory constraints. While MoE architectures enable efficient utilization of computational resources by activating only a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Nishant Gavhane , Arush Mehrotra , Rohit Chawla , Peter Proenca

Training AI models that generalize across tasks and domains has long been among the open problems driving AI research. The emergence of Foundation Models made it easier to obtain expert models for a given task, but the heterogeneity of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Hongyi Wang , Felipe Maia Polo , Yuekai Sun , Souvik Kundu , Eric Xing , Mikhail Yurochkin

Despite the computational efficiency of MoE models, the excessive memory footprint and I/O overhead inherent in multi-expert architectures pose formidable challenges for real-time inference on resource-constrained edge platforms. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yuegui Huang , Zhiyuan Fang , Weiqi Luo , Ruoyu Wu , Wuhui Chen , Zibin Zheng

We propose Chain-of-Experts (CoE), a new Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture that introduces sequential expert communication within each layer. Unlike traditional MoE models, where experts operate independently in parallel, CoE processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zihan Wang , Rui Pan , Jiarui Yao , Robert Csordas , Linjie Li , Lu Yin , Jiajun Wu , Tong Zhang , Manling Li , Shiwei Liu

In the context of wireless networking, it was recently shown that multiple DNNs can be jointly trained to offer a desired collaborative behaviour capable of coping with a broad range of sensing uncertainties. In particular, it was…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Matteo Zecchin , David Gesbert , Marios Kountouris