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Consistency of a model -- that is, the invariance of its behavior under meaning-preserving alternations in its input -- is a highly desirable property in natural language processing. In this paper we study the question: Are Pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Yanai Elazar , Nora Kassner , Shauli Ravfogel , Abhilasha Ravichander , Eduard Hovy , Hinrich Schütze , Yoav Goldberg

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Consistency, which refers to the capability of generating the same predictions for semantically similar contexts, is a highly desirable property for a sound language understanding model. Although recent pretrained language models (PLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Myeongjun Jang , Deuk Sin Kwon , Thomas Lukasiewicz

Large Language Models (LLMs) are extensively used today across various sectors, including academia, research, business, and finance, for tasks such as text generation, summarization, and translation. Despite their widespread adoption, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Yash Saxena , Sarthak Chopra , Arunendra Mani Tripathi

We present PaRTE, a collection of 1,126 pairs of Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) examples to evaluate whether models are robust to paraphrasing. We posit that if RTE models understand language, their predictions should be consistent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Dhruv Verma , Yash Kumar Lal , Shreyashee Sinha , Benjamin Van Durme , Adam Poliak

Much of the success of modern language models depends on finding a suitable prompt to instruct the model. Until now, it has been largely unknown how variations in the linguistic expression of prompts affect these models. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Yang Xu , Bela Gipp

Learning intents and slot labels from user utterances is a fundamental step in all spoken language understanding (SLU) and dialog systems. State-of-the-art neural network based methods, after deployment, often suffer from performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Avik Ray , Yilin Shen , Hongxia Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently emerged as powerful tools for autoformalization. Despite their impressive performance, these models can still struggle to produce grounded and verifiable formalizations. Recent work in text-to-SQL,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hayden Moore , Asfahan Shah

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit inconsistent behavior when answering paraphrased questions, suggesting a reliance on surface-level patterns rather than true semantic understanding. To address this limitation, we introduce RoParQ,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Minjoon Choi

Revealing the robustness issues of natural language processing models and improving their robustness is important to their performance under difficult situations. In this paper, we study the robustness of paraphrase identification models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Zhouxing Shi , Minlie Huang

The task of determining whether two texts are paraphrases has long been a challenge in NLP. However, the prevailing notion of paraphrase is often quite simplistic, offering only a limited view of the vast spectrum of paraphrase phenomena.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Andrianos Michail , Simon Clematide , Juri Opitz

We introduce ParaBLEU, a paraphrase representation learning model and evaluation metric for text generation. Unlike previous approaches, ParaBLEU learns to understand paraphrasis using generative conditioning as a pretraining objective.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Jack Weston , Raphael Lenain , Udeepa Meepegama , Emil Fristed

Guard models are a critical component of LLM safety, but their sensitivity to superficial linguistic variations remains a key vulnerability. We show that even meaning-preserving paraphrases can cause large fluctuations in safety scores,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Cristina Pinneri , Christos Louizos

Language enables humans to share knowledge, reason about the world, and pass on strategies for survival and innovation across generations. At the heart of this process is not just the ability to communicate but also the remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Jan Philip Wahle

Large language models demonstrate strong reasoning capabilities through chain-of-thought prompting, but whether this reasoning quality transfers across languages remains underexplored. We introduce a human-validated framework to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Anaelia Ovalle , Candace Ross , Sebastian Ruder , Adina Williams , Karen Ullrich , Mark Ibrahim , Levent Sagun

Robust, faithful and harm-free pronoun use for individuals is an important goal for language model development as their use increases, but prior work tends to study only one or two of these characteristics at a time. To measure progress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vagrant Gautam , Eileen Bingert , Dawei Zhu , Anne Lauscher , Dietrich Klakow

Large language models (LLMs) that do not give consistent answers across contexts are problematic when used for tasks with expectations of consistency, e.g., question-answering, explanations, etc. Our work presents an evaluation benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Henning Bartsch , Ole Jorgensen , Domenic Rosati , Jason Hoelscher-Obermaier , Jacob Pfau

While Large language models (LLMs) have proved able to address some complex reasoning tasks, we also know that they are highly sensitive to input variation, which can lead to different solution paths and final answers. Answer consistency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Huiyuan Lai , Xiao Zhang , Malvina Nissim

The staggering pace with which the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) are increasing, as measured by a range of commonly used natural language understanding (NLU) benchmarks, raises many questions regarding what "understanding"…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Xenia Ohmer , Elia Bruni , Dieuwke Hupkes
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