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We introduce a new computational model of moral decision making, drawing on a recent theory of commonsense moral learning via social dynamics. Our model describes moral dilemmas as a utility function that computes trade-offs in values over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Richard Kim , Max Kleiman-Weiner , Andres Abeliuk , Edmond Awad , Sohan Dsouza , Josh Tenenbaum , Iyad Rahwan

Language models have steadily increased in size over the past few years. They achieve a high level of performance on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as question answering and summarization. Large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jessica Huynh , Cathy Jiao , Prakhar Gupta , Shikib Mehri , Payal Bajaj , Vishrav Chaudhary , Maxine Eskenazi

When survival instincts conflict with human welfare, how do Large Language Models (LLMs) make ethical choices? This fundamental tension becomes critical as LLMs integrate into autonomous systems with real-world consequences. We introduce…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Alireza Mohamadi , Ali Yavari

Logical reasoning is a critical benchmark for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as it reflects their ability to derive valid conclusions from given premises. While the combination of test-time scaling with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

In the age of AI, human commanders need to use the computational powers available in today's environment to simulate a very large number of scenarios. Within each scenario, situations occur where different decision design options could have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Taylan Akay , Harrison Tolley , Hussein Abbass

The growing number of generative AI-based dialogue systems has made their evaluation a crucial challenge. This paper presents our contribution to this important problem through the Dialogue System Technology Challenge (DSTC-12, Track 1),…

A growing literature on human-AI decision-making investigates strategies for combining human judgment with statistical models to improve decision-making. Research in this area often evaluates proposed improvements to models, interfaces, or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Luke Guerdan , Amanda Coston , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Kenneth Holstein

Human decision-making belongs to the foundation of our society and civilization, but we are on the verge of a future where much of it will be delegated to artificial intelligence. The arrival of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hao Li , Gengrui Zhang , Petter Holme , Shuyue Hu , Zhen Wang

Moral cognition is a crucial yet underexplored aspect of decision-making in AI models. Regardless of the application domain, it should be a consideration that allows for ethically aligned decision-making. This paper presents a multifaceted…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Aisha Aijaz , Raghava Mutharaju , Manohar Kumar

To examine whether intersectional bias can be observed in language generation, we examine \emph{GPT-2} and \emph{GPT-NEO} models, ranging in size from 124 million to ~2.7 billion parameters. We conduct an experiment combining up to three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Liam Magee , Lida Ghahremanlou , Karen Soldatic , Shanthi Robertson

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained from AI constitutions and model specifications that establish behavioral guidelines and ethical principles. However, these specifications face critical challenges, including internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jifan Zhang , Henry Sleight , Andi Peng , John Schulman , Esin Durmus

Ethics is one of the longest standing intellectual endeavors of humanity. In recent years, the fields of AI and NLP have attempted to wrangle with how learning systems that interact with humans should be constrained to behave ethically. One…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Zeerak Talat , Hagen Blix , Josef Valvoda , Maya Indira Ganesh , Ryan Cotterell , Adina Williams

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to assess moral or ethical statements, yet their judgments may reflect social and linguistic biases. This work presents a controlled, sentence-level study of how grammatical person, number,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Gustavo Lúcius Fernandes , Jeiverson C. V. M. Santos , Pedro O. S. Vaz-de-Melo

Emotional language generation is one of the keys to human-like artificial intelligence. Humans use different type of emotions depending on the situation of the conversation. Emotions also play an important role in mediating the engagement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Sashank Santhanam , Samira Shaikh

Several high-profile events, such as the mass testing of emotion recognition systems on vulnerable sub-populations and using question answering systems to make moral judgments, have highlighted how technology will often lead to more adverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Saif M. Mohammad

Large Language Models (LLMs) are prone to off-topic misuse, where users may prompt these models to perform tasks beyond their intended scope. Current guardrails, which often rely on curated examples or custom classifiers, suffer from high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Gabriel Chua , Shing Yee Chan , Shaun Khoo

The use of formal language for deductive logical reasoning aligns well with language models (LMs), where translating natural language (NL) into first-order logic (FOL) and employing an external solver results in a verifiable and therefore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Ramya Keerthy Thatikonda , Jiuzhou Han , Wray Buntine , Ehsan Shareghi

Large language models (LLMs) have exploded in popularity in the past few years and have achieved undeniably impressive results on benchmarks as varied as question answering and text summarization. We provide a simple new prompting strategy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Joshua Albrecht , Ellie Kitanidis , Abraham J. Fetterman

Large language models (LLMs) have convincing performance in a variety of downstream tasks. However, these systems are prone to generating undesirable outputs such as harmful and biased text. In order to remedy such generations, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Manish Nagireddy , Inkit Padhi , Soumya Ghosh , Prasanna Sattigeri

In this paper, we tackle the emerging challenge of unintended harmful content generation in Large Language Models (LLMs) with a novel dual-stage optimisation technique using adversarial fine-tuning. Our two-pronged approach employs an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Charles O'Neill , Jack Miller , Ioana Ciuca , Yuan-Sen Ting , Thang Bui