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Machine learning algorithms often assume that training samples are independent. When data points are connected by a network, the induced dependency between samples is both a challenge, reducing effective sample size, and an opportunity to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-22 Tiffany M. Tang , Elizaveta Levina , Ji Zhu

Many works in explainable AI have focused on explaining black-box classification models. Explaining deep reinforcement learning (RL) policies in a manner that could be understood by domain users has received much less attention. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ronny Luss , Amit Dhurandhar , Miao Liu

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success in sequential decision-making tasks across diverse domains, yet its reliance on black-box neural architectures hinders interpretability, trust, and deployment in high-stakes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Zelei Cheng , Jiahao Yu , Xinyu Xing

Learning from datasets without interaction with environments (Offline Learning) is an essential step to apply Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms in real-world scenarios. However, compared with the single-agent counterpart, offline…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Yiqin Yang , Xiaoteng Ma , Chenghao Li , Zewu Zheng , Qiyuan Zhang , Gao Huang , Jun Yang , Qianchuan Zhao

To build intelligent machine learning systems, there are two broad approaches. One approach is to build inherently interpretable models, as endeavored by the growing field of causal representation learning. The other approach is to build…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Goutham Rajendran , Simon Buchholz , Bryon Aragam , Bernhard Schölkopf , Pradeep Ravikumar

The increased complexity of state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have resulted in an opacity that inhibits explainability and understanding. This has led to the development of several post-hoc explainability methods that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Charl Maree , Christian Omlin

As practitioners increasingly deploy machine learning models in critical domains such as health care, finance, and policy, it becomes vital to ensure that domain experts function effectively alongside these models. Explainability is one way…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Himabindu Lakkaraju , Dylan Slack , Yuxin Chen , Chenhao Tan , Sameer Singh

The issue of how to make embodied agents explainable has experienced a surge of interest over the last three years, and, there are many terms that refer to this concept, e.g., transparency or legibility. One reason for this high variance in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Sebastian Wallkotter , Silvia Tulli , Ginevra Castellano , Ana Paiva , Mohamed Chetouani

Interpretable Machine Learning (IML) is expected to remove significant barriers for the application of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in power systems. This letter first seeks to showcase the benefits of SHapley Additive exPlanations…

Many real-world applications require an agent to make robust and deliberate decisions with multimodal information (e.g., robots with multi-sensory inputs). However, it is very challenging to train the agent via reinforcement learning (RL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Jinming Ma , Feng Wu , Yingfeng Chen , Xianpeng Ji , Yu Ding

The search for interpretable reinforcement learning policies is of high academic and industrial interest. Especially for industrial systems, domain experts are more likely to deploy autonomously learned controllers if they are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Daniel Hein , Steffen Udluft , Thomas A. Runkler

Automated Machine Learning-based systems' integration into a wide range of tasks has expanded as a result of their performance and speed. Although there are numerous advantages to employing ML-based systems, if they are not interpretable,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Ioannis Mollas , Nick Bassiliades , Grigorios Tsoumakas

The pursuit of general intelligence has traditionally centered on external objectives: an agent's control over its environments or mastery of specific tasks. This external focus, however, can produce specialized agents that lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Hanqi Zhou , Fryderyk Mantiuk , David G. Nagy , Charley M. Wu

Options represent a framework for reasoning across multiple time scales in reinforcement learning (RL). With the recent active interest in the unsupervised learning paradigm in the RL research community, the option framework was adapted to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Djordje Božić , Predrag Tadić , Mladen Nikolić

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of autotelic Reinforcement Learning (RL), emphasizing the role of intrinsic motivations in the open-ended formation of skill repertoires. We delineate the distinctions between knowledge-based and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Prakhar Srivastava , Jasmeet Singh

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful technique for training intelligent agents, but understanding why these agents make specific decisions can be quite challenging. This lack of transparency in RL models has been a long-standing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Wenhao Lu , Xufeng Zhao , Thilo Fryen , Jae Hee Lee , Mengdi Li , Sven Magg , Stefan Wermter

In human-centric settings like education or healthcare, model accuracy and model explainability are key factors for user adoption. Towards these two goals, intrinsically interpretable deep learning models have gained popularity, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Vinitra Swamy , Syrielle Montariol , Julian Blackwell , Jibril Frej , Martin Jaggi , Tanja Käser

Interpretability research often adopts a neuron-centric lens, treating individual neurons as the fundamental units of explanation. However, neuron-level explanations can be undermined by superposition, where single units respond to mixtures…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Julien Colin , Lore Goetschalckx , Thomas Fel , Victor Boutin , Thomas Serre , Nuria Oliver

Interpretability of AI models allows for user safety checks to build trust in these models. In particular, decision trees (DTs) provide a global view on the learned model and clearly outlines the role of the features that are critical to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Hector Kohler , Riad Akrour , Philippe Preux

Interpretation of deep learning models is a very challenging problem because of their large number of parameters, complex connections between nodes, and unintelligible feature representations. Despite this, many view interpretability as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Michael Tsang , James Enouen , Yan Liu