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Related papers: D3CODE: Disentangling Disagreements in Data across…

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Using novel approaches to dataset development, the Biasly dataset captures the nuance and subtlety of misogyny in ways that are unique within the literature. Built in collaboration with multi-disciplinary experts and annotators themselves,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Brooklyn Sheppard , Anna Richter , Allison Cohen , Elizabeth Allyn Smith , Tamara Kneese , Carolyne Pelletier , Ioana Baldini , Yue Dong

Annotators are not fungible. Their demographics, life experiences, and backgrounds all contribute to how they label data. However, NLP has only recently considered how annotator identity might influence their decisions. Here, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Jiaxin Pei , David Jurgens

The assessment of argument quality depends on well-established logical, rhetorical, and dialectical properties that are unavoidably subjective: multiple valid assessments may exist, there is no unequivocal ground truth. This aligns with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Julia Romberg , Maximilian Maurer , Henning Wachsmuth , Gabriella Lapesa

Annotator disagreement is widespread in NLP, particularly for subjective and ambiguous tasks such as toxicity detection and stance analysis. While early approaches treated disagreement as noise to be removed, recent work increasingly models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yinuo Xu , David Jurgens

In the realm of Natural Language Processing (NLP), common approaches for handling human disagreement consist of aggregating annotators' viewpoints to establish a single ground truth. However, prior studies show that disregarding individual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Benedetta Muscato , Lucia Passaro , Gizem Gezici , Fosca Giannotti

In this paper, we discuss the development of a multilingual dataset annotated with a hierarchical, fine-grained tagset marking different types of aggression and the "context" in which they occur. The context, here, is defined by the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Ritesh Kumar , Enakshi Nandi , Laishram Niranjana Devi , Shyam Ratan , Siddharth Singh , Akash Bhagat , Yogesh Dawer

When humans label subjective content, they disagree, and that disagreement is not noise. It reflects genuine differences in perspective shaped by annotators' social identities and lived experiences. Yet standard practice still flattens…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Samay U. Shetty , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Deepak Pandita , Christopher M. Homan

Annotation bias in NLP datasets remains a major challenge for developing multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in culturally diverse settings. Bias from task framing, annotator subjectivity, and cultural mismatches can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xia Cui , Ziyi Huang , Naeemeh Adel

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is foundational for evaluating language understanding in AI. However, progress has plateaued, with models failing on ambiguous examples and exhibiting poor generalization. We argue that this stems from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Claudiu Creanga , Liviu P. Dinu

With the rapid adoption of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) across diverse applications, there is a pressing need for task-centered, high-quality training data. A key limitation of current training datasets is their reliance on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Xiaoyu Lin , Aniket Ghorpade , Hansheng Zhu , Justin Qiu , Dea Rrozhani , Monica Lama , Mick Yang , Zixuan Bian , Ruohan Ren , Alan B. Hong , Jiatao Gu , Chris Callison-Burch

Labelled data is the foundation of most natural language processing tasks. However, labelling data is difficult and there often are diverse valid beliefs about what the correct data labels should be. So far, dataset creators have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Paul Röttger , Bertie Vidgen , Dirk Hovy , Janet B. Pierrehumbert

Human annotated data plays a crucial role in machine learning (ML) research and development. However, the ethical considerations around the processes and decisions that go into dataset annotation have not received nearly enough attention.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Mark Diaz , Ian D. Kivlichan , Rachel Rosen , Dylan K. Baker , Razvan Amironesei , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Emily Denton

Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting Hate speech moderation on global platforms poses unique challenges due to the multimodal and multilingual nature of content, along with the varying cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Minh Duc Bui , Katharina von der Wense , Anne Lauscher

Many NLP tasks exhibit human label variation, where different annotators give different labels to the same texts. This variation is known to depend, at least in part, on the sociodemographics of annotators. Recent research aims to model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Matthias Orlikowski , Paul Röttger , Philipp Cimiano , Dirk Hovy

Warning: this paper contains content that may be offensive or upsetting. Most hate speech datasets neglect the cultural diversity within a single language, resulting in a critical shortcoming in hate speech detection. To address this, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Nayeon Lee , Chani Jung , Junho Myung , Jiho Jin , Jose Camacho-Collados , Juho Kim , Alice Oh

Human-annotated data plays a critical role in the fairness of AI systems, including those that deal with life-altering decisions or moderating human-created web/social media content. Conventionally, annotator disagreements are resolved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Sarah Luger , Saloni Poddar , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Christopher M. Homan

Demographics and cultural background of annotators influence the labels they assign in text annotation -- for instance, an elderly woman might find it offensive to read a message addressed to a "bro", but a male teenager might find it…

Human annotations play a crucial role in machine learning (ML) research and development. However, the ethical considerations around the processes and decisions that go into building ML datasets has not received nearly enough attention. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Remi Denton , Mark Díaz , Ian Kivlichan , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Rachel Rosen

Crowdsourced annotation is vital to both collecting labelled data to train and test automated content moderation systems and to support human-in-the-loop review of system decisions. However, annotation tasks such as judging hate speech are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Danula Hettiachchi , Indigo Holcombe-James , Stephanie Livingstone , Anjalee de Silva , Matthew Lease , Flora D. Salim , Mark Sanderson

The growing importance of culturally-aware natural language processing systems has led to an increasing demand for resources that capture sociopragmatic phenomena across diverse languages. Nevertheless, Arabic-language resources for…