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Code-switching (CS) automatic speech recognition (ASR) faces challenges due to the language confusion resulting from accents, auditory similarity, and seamless language switches. Adaptation on the pre-trained multi-lingual model has shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jiahui Zhao , Hao Shi , Chenrui Cui , Tianrui Wang , Hexin Liu , Zhaoheng Ni , Lingxuan Ye , Longbiao Wang

Many modern entity recognition systems, including the current state-of-the-art de-identification systems, are based on bidirectional long short-term memory (biLSTM) units augmented by a conditional random field (CRF) sequence optimizer.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Kahyun Lee , Mehmet Kayaalp , Sam Henry , Özlem Uzuner

With the recent advances in technology, automatic speech recognition (ASR) has been widely used in real-world applications. The efficiency of converting large amounts of speech into text accurately with limited resources has become more…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-09 Yoo Rhee Oh , Kiyoung Park , Jeon Gyu Park

Transformers, originally proposed for natural language processing (NLP) tasks, have recently achieved great success in automatic speech recognition (ASR). However, adjacent acoustic units (i.e., frames) are highly correlated, and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-20 Yangyang Shi , Yongqiang Wang , Chunyang Wu , Christian Fuegen , Frank Zhang , Duc Le , Ching-Feng Yeh , Michael L. Seltzer

User studies have shown that reducing the latency of our simultaneous lecture translation system should be the most important goal. We therefore have worked on several techniques for reducing the latency for both components, the automatic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-24 Thai Son Nguyen , Jan Niehues , Eunah Cho , Thanh-Le Ha , Kevin Kilgour , Markus Muller , Matthias Sperber , Sebastian Stueker , Alex Waibel

End-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) and large language models, such as Whisper and GPT-2, have recently been scaled to use vast amounts of training data. Despite the large amount of training data, infrequent content words that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Guangzhi Sun , Xianrui Zheng , Chao Zhang , Philip C. Woodland

Transformer-based end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have recently gained wide popularity, and are shown to outperform E2E models based on recurrent structures on a number of ASR tasks. However, like other E2E…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-30 Mohan Li , Catalin Zorila , Rama Doddipatla

Leveraging context information is an intuitive idea to improve performance on conversational automatic speech recognition(ASR). Previous works usually adopt recognized hypotheses of historical utterances as preceding context, which may bias…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Kun Wei , Yike Zhang , Sining Sun , Lei Xie , Long Ma

Whisper, despite being trained on 680K hours of web-scaled audio data, faces difficulty in recognising rare words like domain-specific terms, with a solution being contextual biasing through prompting. To improve upon this method, in this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-19 Yash Jogi , Vaibhav Aggarwal , Shabari S Nair , Yash Verma , Aayush Kubba

While autoregressive (AR) LLM-based ASR systems achieve strong accuracy, their sequential decoding limits parallelism and incurs high latency. We propose NLE, a non-autoregressive (NAR) approach that formulates speech recognition as…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Avihu Dekel , Samuel Thomas , Takashi Fukada , George Saon

End-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) models have become standard practice for various commercial applications. However, in real-world scenarios, the long-tailed nature of word distribution often leads E2E ASR models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Yi-Cheng Wang , Li-Ting Pai , Bi-Cheng Yan , Hsin-Wei Wang , Chi-Han Lin , Berlin Chen

Contextualized ASR models have been demonstrated to effectively improve the recognition accuracy of uncommon phrases when a predefined phrase list is available. However, these models often struggle with bilingual settings, which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Xucheng Wan , Naijun Zheng , Kai Liu , Huan Zhou

Speech foundation models (SFMs), such as Open Whisper-Style Speech Models (OWSM), are trained on massive datasets to achieve accurate automatic speech recognition. However, even SFMs struggle to accurately recognize rare and unseen words.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yui Sudo , Yusuke Fujita , Atsushi Kojima , Tomoya Mizumoto , Lianbo Liu

Token representation strategies within large-scale neural architectures often rely on contextually refined embeddings, yet conventional approaches seldom encode structured relationships explicitly within token interactions. Self-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 James Blades , Frederick Somerfield , William Langley , Susan Everingham , Maurice Witherington

Recent advances in speech-aware language models have coupled strong acoustic encoders with large language models, enabling systems that move beyond transcription to produce richer outputs. Among these, word-level timestamp prediction is…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Xulin Fan , Vishal Sunder , Samuel Thomas , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Brian Kingsbury , George Saon

Diffusion Large Language Models (DLLMs) enable fully parallel token decoding but often remain impractical at inference time due to the many denoising iterations required to refine an information-free, fully masked initialization into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Tongyuan Miao , Gary Huang , Kai Jun Han , Annie Jiang

The Bidirectional long short-term memory networks (BiLSTM) have been widely used as an encoder in models solving the named entity recognition (NER) task. Recently, the Transformer is broadly adopted in various Natural Language Processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-11 Hang Yan , Bocao Deng , Xiaonan Li , Xipeng Qiu

Voice-controlled house-hold devices, like Amazon Echo or Google Home, face the problem of performing speech recognition of device-directed speech in the presence of interfering background speech, i.e., background noise and interfering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-08 Yiming Wang , Xing Fan , I-Fan Chen , Yuzong Liu , Tongfei Chen , Björn Hoffmeister

State-of-the-art neural machine translation models generate a translation from left to right and every step is conditioned on the previously generated tokens. The sequential nature of this generation process causes fundamental latency in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-01 Jungo Kasai , James Cross , Marjan Ghazvininejad , Jiatao Gu

Work on retrieval-based chatbots, like most sequence pair matching tasks, can be divided into Cross-encoders that perform word matching over the pair, and Bi-encoders that encode the pair separately. The latter has better performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Amir Vakili Tahami , Azadeh Shakery