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Transformers, powered by the attention mechanism, are the backbone of most foundation models, yet they suffer from quadratic complexity and difficulties in dealing with long-range dependencies in the input sequence. Recent work has shown…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Riccardo Zattra , Giacomo Baggio , Umberto Casti , Augusto Ferrante , Francesco Ticozzi

Mamba is an efficient State Space Model (SSM) with linear computational complexity. Although SSMs are not suitable for handling non-causal data, Vision Mamba (ViM) methods still demonstrate good performance in tasks such as image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Juntao Zhang , Shaogeng Liu , Kun Bian , You Zhou , Pei Zhang , Jianning Liu , Jun Zhou , Bingyan Liu

The recent success of State-Space Models (SSMs) in sequence modeling has motivated their adaptation to graph learning, giving rise to Graph State-Space Models (GSSMs). However, existing GSSMs operate by applying SSM modules to sequences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Andrea Ceni , Alessio Gravina , Claudio Gallicchio , Davide Bacciu , Carola-Bibiane Schonlieb , Moshe Eliasof

Global effective receptive field plays a crucial role for image style transfer (ST) to obtain high-quality stylized results. However, existing ST backbones (e.g., CNNs and Transformers) suffer huge computational complexity to achieve global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Hongda Liu , Longguang Wang , Ye Zhang , Ziru Yu , Yulan Guo

State space models (SSMs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modelling long-range dependencies in sequence data. Unlike traditional recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), SSMs offer a structured and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Siddhanth Bhat

Machine learning on graphs has recently found extensive applications across domains. However, the commonly used Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) suffer from limited expressive power and struggle to capture long-range dependencies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Yinan Huang , Siqi Miao , Pan Li

The goal of this paper is to provide a system identification-friendly introduction to the Structured State-space Models (SSMs). These models have become recently popular in the machine learning community since, owing to their…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-21 Fabio Bonassi , Carl Andersson , Per Mattsson , Thomas B. Schön

Modeling the parser state is key to good performance in transition-based parsing. Recurrent Neural Networks considerably improved the performance of transition-based systems by modelling the global state, e.g. stack-LSTM parsers, or local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Ramon Fernandez Astudillo , Miguel Ballesteros , Tahira Naseem , Austin Blodgett , Radu Florian

Balancing fine-grained local modeling with long-range dependency capture under computational constraints remains a central challenge in sequence modeling. While Transformers provide strong token mixing, they suffer from quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Youjin Wang , Jiaqiao Zhao , Rong Fu , Run Zhou , Ruizhe Zhang , Jiani Liang , Suisuai Cao , Feng Zhou

In recent years, Transformers have become the de-facto architecture for sequence modeling on text and a variety of multi-dimensional data, such as images and video. However, the use of self-attention layers in a Transformer incurs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Shufan Li , Harkanwar Singh , Aditya Grover

Long-range dependencies are critical for understanding genomic structure and function, yet most conventional methods struggle with them. Widely adopted transformer-based models, while excelling at short-context tasks, are limited by the…

Video diffusion models have recently shown promise for world modeling through autoregressive frame prediction conditioned on actions. However, they struggle to maintain long-term memory due to the high computational cost associated with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ryan Po , Yotam Nitzan , Richard Zhang , Berlin Chen , Tri Dao , Eli Shechtman , Gordon Wetzstein , Xun Huang

Hybrid models that combine state space models (SSMs) with attention mechanisms have shown strong performance by leveraging the efficiency of SSMs and the high recall ability of attention. However, the architectural design choices behind…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hyunji Lee , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Jiyeon Kim , Dong Yu , Minjoon Seo

State Space Models (SSMs) have become serious contenders in the field of sequential modeling, challenging the dominance of Transformers. At the same time, Mixture of Experts (MoE) has significantly improved Transformer-based Large Language…

State Space Models (SSMs) have become the leading alternative to Transformers for sequence modeling. Their primary advantage is efficiency in long-context and long-form generation, enabled by fixed-size memory and linear scaling of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Eran Malach , Omid Saremi , Sinead Williamson , Arwen Bradley , Aryo Lotfi , Emmanuel Abbe , Josh Susskind , Etai Littwin

Mamba-based State Space Models (SSM) have emerged as a promising alternative to the ubiquitous transformers. Despite the expressive power of transformers, the quadratic complexity of computing attention is a major impediment to scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Trinayan Baruah , Kaustubh Shivdikar , Sara Prescott , David Kaeli

Structured state space sequence (S4) models have recently achieved state-of-the-art performance on long-range sequence modeling tasks. These models also have fast inference speeds and parallelisable training, making them potentially useful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Chris Lu , Yannick Schroecker , Albert Gu , Emilio Parisotto , Jakob Foerster , Satinder Singh , Feryal Behbahani

Softmax attention is the principle backbone of foundation models for various artificial intelligence applications, yet its quadratic complexity in sequence length can limit its inference throughput in long-context settings. To address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Jerome Sieber , Carmen Amo Alonso , Alexandre Didier , Melanie N. Zeilinger , Antonio Orvieto

Mamba, based on state space model (SSM) with its linear complexity and great success in classification provide its superiority in 3D point cloud analysis. Prior to that, Transformer has emerged as one of the most prominent and successful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Jia-wei Chen , Yu-jie Xiong , Yong-bin Gao

Structured State-Space Duality (SSD) [Dao & Gu, ICML 2024] is an equivalence between a simple Structured State-Space Model (SSM) and a masked attention mechanism. In particular, a state-space model with a scalar-times-identity state matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Xiwen Zhang , Ali ElSheikh , Weimin Wu , Han Liu