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This article provides a mathematically rigorous introduction to denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs), sometimes also referred to as diffusion probabilistic models or diffusion models, for generative artificial intelligence. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Davide Gallon , Arnulf Jentzen , Philippe von Wurstemberger

Diffusion probabilistic models have quickly become a major approach for generative modeling of images, 3D geometry, video and other domains. However, to adapt diffusion generative modeling to these domains the denoising network needs to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Peiye Zhuang , Samira Abnar , Jiatao Gu , Alex Schwing , Joshua M. Susskind , Miguel Ángel Bautista

Deep generative models (DGM) are neural networks with many hidden layers trained to approximate complicated, high-dimensional probability distributions using a large number of samples. When trained successfully, we can use the DGMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Lars Ruthotto , Eldad Haber

Diffusion Models (DMs) are powerful generative models that add Gaussian noise to the data and learn to remove it. We wanted to determine which noise distribution (Gaussian or non-Gaussian) led to better generated data in DMs. Since DMs do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau , Kilian Fatras , Ke Li , Tal Kachman

The scope of this paper is generative modeling through diffusion processes. An approach falling within this paradigm is the work of Song et al. (2021), which relies on a time-reversal argument to construct a diffusion process targeting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Stefano Peluchetti

Diffusion models are powerful generative models that produce high-quality samples from complex data. While their infinite-data behavior is well understood, their generalization with finite data remains less clear. Classical learning theory…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-02 Claudia Merger , Sebastian Goldt

Geophysical inverse problems are often ill-posed and admit multiple solutions. Conventional discriminative methods typically yield a single deterministic solution, which fails to model the posterior distribution, cannot generate diverse…

Deep generative models have made rapid progress in image, text, audio, and video generation, and are increasingly being applied to structured records. For tabular data, however, generative modeling remains difficult: a dataset may contain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zhong Li , Qi Huang , Lincen Yang , Jiayang Shi , Zhao Yang , Niki van Stein , Thomas Bäck , Matthijs van Leeuwen

We present a concise, self-contained derivation of diffusion-based generative models. Starting from basic properties of Gaussian distributions (densities, quadratic expectations, re-parameterisation, products, and KL divergences), we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sepehr Maleki , Negar Pourmoazemi

Discrete-time diffusion-based generative models and score matching methods have shown promising results in modeling high-dimensional image data. Recently, Song et al. (2021) show that diffusion processes that transform data into noise can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Chin-Wei Huang , Jae Hyun Lim , Aaron Courville

Generative models, such as large language models and text-to-image diffusion models, produce relevant information when presented a query. Different models may produce different information when presented the same query. As the landscape of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Aranyak Acharyya , Michael W. Trosset , Carey E. Priebe , Hayden S. Helm

Diffusion models typically generate data through a fixed denoising trajectory that is shared across all samples. However, generation targets can differ in complexity, suggesting that a single pre-defined diffusion process may not be optimal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yucheng Xing , Xiaodong Liu , Xin Wang

Generative diffusion processes are an emerging and effective tool for image and speech generation. In the existing methods, the underlying noise distribution of the diffusion process is Gaussian noise. However, fitting distributions with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-13 Eliya Nachmani , Robin San Roman , Lior Wolf

The rise of Generative AI (GenAI) in recent years has catalyzed transformative advances in wireless communications and networks. Among the members of the GenAI family, Diffusion Models (DMs) have risen to prominence as a powerful option,…

Diffusion models have attained prominence for their ability to synthesize a probability distribution for a given dataset via a diffusion process, enabling the generation of new data points with high fidelity. However, diffusion processes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Shervin Khalafi , Dongsheng Ding , Alejandro Ribeiro

A generative modeling framework is proposed that combines diffusion models and manifold learning to efficiently sample data densities on manifolds. The approach utilizes Diffusion Maps to uncover possible low-dimensional underlying (latent)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Dimitris G. Giovanis , Ellis Crabtree , Roger G. Ghanem , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

Uncovering the mechanisms behind long-term memory is one of the most fascinating open problems in neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Artificial associative memory networks have been used to formalize important aspects of biological…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-20 Luca Ambrogioni

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful deep generative techniques, producing high-quality and diverse samples in applications in various domains including audio. While existing reviews provide overviews, there remains limited in-depth…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Ge Zhu , Yutong Wen , Zhiyao Duan

Generative diffusion processes are an emerging and effective tool for image and speech generation. In the existing methods, the underline noise distribution of the diffusion process is Gaussian noise. However, fitting distributions with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Eliya Nachmani , Robin San Roman , Lior Wolf

Diffusion models have been widely used in time series and spatio-temporal data, enhancing generative, inferential, and downstream capabilities. These models are applied across diverse fields such as healthcare, recommendation, climate,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yiyuan Yang , Ming Jin , Haomin Wen , Chaoli Zhang , Yuxuan Liang , Lintao Ma , Yi Wang , Chenghao Liu , Bin Yang , Zenglin Xu , Shirui Pan , Qingsong Wen
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